Desarrollo de procedimientos para el tratamiento de efluentes de quesería.

Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, leída el 17-11-1999Se ha tratado de contribuir a la solución de los problemas de vertidos de queserías pequeñas, con dificultades para hacer rentable el aprovechamiento del suero. Se han caracterizado efluentes de queserías de distinto tamaño y facilidades de depuración y se han aislado de ellos distintas cepas de levaduras. Se han cultivado estas cepas y otras de colección en sueros de queserías y sus permeados de ultrafiltracción, comparando su eficacia para hacer descender en estos medios la Demanda Quimica de Oxigeno (el indicador de poder contaminante más comunmente utilizado para vertidos orgánicos). También se ha valorado el efecto de la hidrólisis de la lactosa de los permeados, como primera etapa para facilitar la depuración.Sección Dptal. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria)Fac. de VeterinariaTRUEpu

Control and prevention of antibiotic residues and contaminants in sheep and goat s milk

[EN] The use of veterinary drugs to treat mastitis and other pathologies in dairy sheep and goats is a usualpractice in current production systems. The risk of antibiotic residues in milk on farms is high if goodfarming practices are not applied, in this sense control measures must be implemented to prevent drugresidues from entering the food chain. Moreover there are other compounds that may contaminate milkvia the environment, water or animal feed, such as mycotoxins that are one of the most harmful contam-inants given their negative effects on consumer health. This work presents the problems that arise whenresidues and contaminants are present in sheep and goat s milk. It also addresses the causes and theconsequences of their presence, and the main measures of prevention and control required to guaranteemilk that is safe for consumers and of high quality for the dairy industry.Berruga Fernandez, MI.; Molina Casanova, AM.; Althaus, RL.; Molina Pons, MP. (2016). Control and prevention of antibiotic residues and contaminants in sheep and goat s milk. Small Ruminant Research. 142:38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.023S384314

Antifeedant effects of common terpenes from Mediterranean aromatic plants on Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Essential oil terpenes are secondary metabolites produced in different biological pathways as pollinator attraction signals, but also as defense mechanisms against insect pests, herbivores, microorganisms, competing plants, etc. In this context, we have evaluated a total of 24 terpenes commonly found in Mediterranean aromatic plants, including 8 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 9 oxygenated monoterpenes, 2 esterified monoterpenes, 3 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and 2 oxygenated sesquiterpenes in order to determine their antifeedant effects on the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), a major pest of potato crops. Terpene hydrocarbons showed low antifeedant activity, whereas the oxygenated sesquiterpene (-)-α-bisabolol with an inhibition activity of 96.3% was the most active, followed by carvacrol (90.9%), (+)-Terpinen-4-ol (87.1%) and thymol (81.5%). Other terpenes like (1S)-(-)-verbenone (72.9%), (+/-)-camphor (63.4%) and linalyl acetate (60.7%) showed moderate activity. Subsequently, terpenes showing antifeedant activity against this insect were also tested in allelopathic assays to determine potential damage to the crops. Results showed phytotoxic effects for (1S)-(-)-verbenone on Lactuca sativa germination, and for carvacrol on both the seed germination and the leaf and root growth of Lolium perenne. In conclusion, (-)-α-bisabolol is the best option to develop natural antifeedant formulations against L. decemlineata on the basis of its high antifeedant and low phytotoxic activities

Biological Activity of Extracts from Aromatic Plants as Control Agents against Spoilage Molds Isolated from Sheep Cheese

[EN] The aim of this work was to assess the antifungal and antioxidant activity of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from distilled solid by-products from aromatic plants (Artemisia dracunculus, Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula stoechas, Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana) against 14 fungi strains isolated from sheep cheese and identified at species level using DNA barcoding based on β-tubulin sequence analysis. In addition, capacity of fungi to produce ochratoxin A, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid and sterigmatocystin was analyzed. Of the isolates, 85.7% belonged to Penicillium (P. commune/biforme, P. crustosum) and 14.3% to Aspergillus (A. puulaauensis and A. jensenii), the first time that these Aspergillus species have been found in sheep’s cheese. All P. commune isolates were producers of cyclopiazonic acid, and the two Aspergillus strains produced sterigmatocystin, but the others did not produce any tested mycotoxin. Among the essential oils tested, oregano, savory and tarragon had a significant antifungal activity against all the isolated strains, but no ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity. By contrast, ethanolic extracts showed great potential as antioxidants. The identification of new molds in cheese will help the dairy industry to know more about those molds affecting the sector, and the use of aromatic plants in the control of fungal spoilage could be a suitable alternative to chemical preservatives used in the agri-food industrySIThis research was financially supported by the Spanish National Institute for Agricultural Research and Experimentation (INIA, http://inia.es) by the project RTA2015-00018-C03-0

Desarrollo de procedimientos para el tratamiento de efluentes de quesería.

Se ha tratado de contribuir a la solución de los problemas de vertidos de queserías pequeñas, con dificultades para hacer rentable el aprovechamiento del suero. Se han caracterizado efluentes de queserías de distinto tamaño y facilidades de depuración y se han aislado de ellos distintas cepas de levaduras. Se han cultivado estas cepas y otras de colección en sueros de queserías y sus permeados de ultrafiltracción, comparando su eficacia para hacer descender en estos medios la Demanda Quimica de Oxigeno (el indicador de poder contaminante más comunmente utilizado para vertidos orgánicos). También se ha valorado el efecto de la hidrólisis de la lactosa de los permeados, como primera etapa para facilitar la depuración

Effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention in oncological patients at different stages of their disease

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2018/2019.Background: Many studies show the presence of high levels of anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of a mindfulness program in order to improve the overall life quality of the patients with cancer at different stages of their disease (patients during their first cancer and patients with metastases), as well as to know if there are differences between both groups in their response to the intervention. Method: 17 patients from the Hospital Provincial of Castellón (6 first cancer and 11 metastases) participated in a group mindfulness intervention composed of 8 sessions and one follow-up. These interventions were guided by a psycho-oncologist at the hospital. To know the degree of effectiveness of the intervention, participants answered the following questionnaires before and after it: HADS, IES, CWS, GHQ-28 and FFMQ. Results: Statistically significant changes were observed after the mindfulness intervention when reducing the level of distress of most of the measures evaluated. It has also been found that the group that is going through its first cancer benefits more when it comes to reducing the worry about their disease, while the metastasis group was the most benefited in terms of acting with higher awareness. Conclusion: The mindfulness-based intervention has been shown to be effective in improving the quality of life of cancer patients at different stages of their disease. Regarding the differences between the groups, we cannot speak of one benefiting more than the other in general terms, since only statistically significant differences have been found in the measures mentioned above.Antecedentes: Muchos estudios documentan la presencia de elevados niveles de ansiedad y depresión en los pacientes oncológicos. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es explorar la efectividad de un programa de mindfulness a la hora de mejorar la calidad de vida de pacientes oncológicos en diferentes estadios de su enfermedad (primer cáncer y metástasis), así como conocer si hay diferencias entre los grupos en su respuesta a la intervención. Método: 17 pacientes del Hospital Provincial de Castellón (6 primer cáncer y 11 metástasis) participaron en una intervención grupal de mindfulness compuesta por 8 sesiones y una de seguimiento. Dichas intervenciones eran guiadas por una psico-oncóloga del hospital. Para calcular el grado de efectividad de la intervención, los participantes contestaron los siguientes cuestionarios antes y después de la misma: HADS, IES, CWS, GHQ-28 y FFMQ. Resultados: Se han observado cambios estadísticamente significativos tras la intervención de mindfulness a la hora de reducir en nivel de distrés de la mayoría de las medidas evaluadas. También se ha encontrado que el grupo que está atravesando su primer cáncer se beneficia más a la hora de reducir la preocupación sobre su enfermedad, mientras que el grupo de metástasis fue el más beneficiado en términos de actuar con mayor conciencia. Conclusión: La intervención basada en mindfulness ha mostrado ser efectiva a la hora de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes oncológicos en diferentes estadios de su enfermedad. En cuanto a las diferencias entre los grupos, no podemos hablar de que alguno se beneficie más que el otro en términos generales, puesto que solo se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las medidas mencionadas anteriormente

Use of Chia by-Products Obtained from the Extraction of Seeds Oil for the Development of New Biodegradable Films for the Agri-Food Industry

Chia oil production and consumption have increased in recent years, producing a large number of by-products that had low utility or economic value for the industry. In this study, a biodegradable film was successfully prepared from mucilage extracted from defatted chia flour. The physical-chemical, optical, water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical properties of films made with two different types of chia matrixes (defatted flour and whole seeds) were determined. In general, defatted chia flour films exhibited a slightly reddish and yellowish color but still transparent in appearance, were good visible light barriers, and had better mechanical properties than films made with whole seeds. They also have greater WVP values than synthetic films such as low-density polyethylene. The results of the present study demonstrated that defatted chia flour can be used in producing edible films with improved quality characteristics

Management and sanitary practices in ewe dairy frams and bulk milk somatic cell count

This study was done to establish relationships between management and sanitary practices on ewe dairy farms and the quality of milk produced. For this purpose, a survey was carried out on 118 farms and a total of 121,117 animals in the Castilla-La Mancha region (Southeast Spain) in which the veterinarians of the Association of Sanitary Defence participated. Flocks varied considerably in size, ranging from 120-7,200 sheep, with an average milking period lasting 3-5 months and milk yields of between 50 and 150 litres per lactation by mechanical systems on 75.0% of farms. Sanitary practices during milking are still not commonplace; 53.3% performed post milking teat disinfection, 37.0% did the California mastitis test, 31.1% had a dry therapy programme and only 18.6% of farms kept records of animals with clinical mastitis. Nonetheless, the results revealed that 42.7% of the farms surveyed showed good quality hygienic milk (bulk milk somatic cell count, BMSCC < 600 × 103 cells mL�1). On most farms, the rate of animals with clinical mastitis was less than 5.0%, while that of subclinical mastitis cases was less than 5.0% on 25.6% of farms. Certain factors like mechanical milking, post milking teat disinfection, recording animals with clinical mastitis and controlling the frequency of animals with subclinical mastitis did not exceed 5.0%. Those risk factors for increased BMSCC levels were significant. Therefore, farmers are recommended to bear these factors in mind, and to instil the importance of carrying out these practices when implementing a good dairy farm practices system.El trabajo se llevó a cabo para conocer las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de las explotaciones de ovino manchego, y su posible relación con la sanidad de la ubre y la calidad de la leche obtenida. Para ello se elaboró una encuesta que se dirigió a los veterinarios responsables de Agrupaciones de Defensa Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha. Se analizaron las encuestas de 118 explotaciones, que incluyen un total de 121.117 animales de ordeño. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, a pesar de la enorme variabilidad en el tamaño de las explotaciones (desde 120 hasta 7.200 ovejas), la mayoría de ellas poseen sala de ordeño (75%), siendo la duración media del ordeño entre 3-5 meses y la producción de leche por oveja y lactación entre 50-150 L. Las prácticas sanitarias durante el ordeño no están muy extendidas, ya que el 53,3% realiza sellado postordeño, el 37,0% lleva a cabo el test de California, el 31,1% sigue la terapia de secado y el 18,6% de las explotaciones registra a los animales con mastitis. Del total de explotaciones encuestadas, 42,7% producen leche con un recuento de células somáticas < 600 × 103 células mL�1. La mayoría de ellas posee valores por debajo del 5% de animales con mastitis clínicas, y entre las subclínicas, más de la cuarta parte de las granjas (25,6%) tienen una incidencia < 5%. Prácticas como el ordeño mecánico, el sellado postordeño, el registro de animales con mastitis clínicas y controlar que la frecuencia de animales con mastitis subclínica no supere el 5% fueron significativos factores de riesgo del incremento del recuento de células somáticas en tanque. En conclusión, cuando se pretenda implantar un programa de buenas prácticas ganaderas en un grupo de explotaciones de ovino de leche, es recomendable incorporarlas para mejorar el recuento celular y por lo tanto la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de la leche producida

Lactation under induced five-month delay reproduction in Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

In Iberian deer, calf birth date affects both milk production and composition, as well as the weight change of hind during lactation and calf growth. This study examines a five-month induced delay in calving (autumn group) in a group of 19 Iberian hinds compared to a group of 13 standard calving hinds (spring group). Fertility in the autumn group was half that of the spring one. From the former, a further two calves out of six died before or soon after birth. Successfully lactating hinds showed a greater concentration in protein, fat and lactose (P < 0.001), but did not differ from spring group in total milk yield, calf gain or weight change of hinds during lactation. However, after correcting for the greater calf or hind body weight at calving of the autumn group, this group showed lower values for these variables than the spring group. Results show that at least in Iberian deer, counter-season reproduction is possible, and that the effects on lactation variables are similar to those of a natural delay in calving.This research has been partly funded by project CICYT-FEDER(REN2000–0513 GLO: 7879200) and JCCM project PBI-02033.Peer reviewe

Analytical strategy for the detection of antibiotic residues in sheep and goat’s milk

The use of antibiotics to treat mastitis and other infectious diseases in dairy sheep and goats is a widespread practice nowadays that can, when not properly applied, result in the contamination of the milk supply. Spanish legislation establishes the control of the presence of antibiotic residues in sheep and goat’s milk using screening methods that detect, at least, beta-lactam drugs. Microbial inhibitor tests using Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis and specific receptor-binding assays are most widely employed for this purpose. The detection rates of screening tests routinely used in Spain have been calculated considering the frequency of use of veterinary drugs commonly applied in ovine and caprine livestock to treat and prevent mastitis as well as the test sensitivity toward these substances at safety levels. In general, the use of a single test allows detecting 62.8-82.4% of the antibiotics employed. For sheep milk, the total detection range achieved with microbial tests was significantly higher than that reached with rapid receptor tests. However, no significant differences between the two types of methods were found when goat's milk was analysed. In both types of milk, the simultaneous use of two screening tests with a different analytical basis increases the total detection range significantly, reaching values ≥ 90% in some cases (81.5-90.1% for sheep and 84.7-92.6% for goats). However, the periodical use of screening tests able to detect quinolones, macrolides or aminoglycosides would be recommended to carry out more efficient screening and ensure the safety of milk and dairy products from sheep and goats