La consécration d'un droit fondamental à l'eau est nécessaire en France. Etude de droit comparé le démontrant

Although France is a quintessential example of the provision of fundamental rights, it does not give constitutional or legislative status to the fundamental right of access to water. The Constitutional Council could have offset this omission, but it has only adopted a hesitant jurisprudence of this issue. French multinational water companies, with their economic power, are fighting protective laws. The explicit recognition of such a right in the Constitutional Block would be a welcome addition. Since the idea is not popular in France, a comparative law study of Latin American states will allow for new ways of reflection, which would possibly permit to bridge the gap.A pesar de que Francia es un importante proveedor de enseñanzas en materia de derechos fundamentales, no otorga un estatuto constitucional o legislativo al derecho fundamental al agua. Esta brecha podría haber sido subsanada por el Consejo Constitucional, pero éste solo ha adoptado una jurisprudencia vacilante ante este aspecto. Las multinacionales francesas del agua, con su poder económico, están luchando contra las leyes protectoras; el reconocimiento explícito de tal derecho en el bloque de constitucionalidad podría ser bienvenido. Puesto que la idea no es popular en Francia, un estudio del derecho comparado con los estados latinoamericanos abrirá nuevas vías de reflexión, para tal vez un día, poder dar este salto.Bien que la France soit une grande donneuse de leçons quant au respect des droits fondamentaux, elle ne consacre pas ni au rang constitutionnel, ni au rang législatif un droit fondamental à l'eau. Cette lacune aurait pu être palliée par le Conseil constitutionnel, mais celui-ci n'a adopté qu'une jurisprudence frileuse à cet égard. Les multinationales françaises de l'eau,fortes de leur pouvoir économique, luttent avec acharnement contre les lois protectrices et la reconnaissance explicite d'un tel droit dans le bloc de constitutionnalité serait la bienvenue. L'idée n'étant pas à la mode en France, une étude de droit comparé avec les États d'Amérique latine ouvrira de nouvelles voies de réflexion pour, peut-être un jour, franchir le pas

Propriétés physiques de capsides virales étudiées à l'échelle du virus unique par microscopie à force atomique : exemples du rétrovirus VIH-1 et du parvovirus AAV

Viruses are nanometer size biological parasite, which highjack the cellular machinery of the infected cells to replicate and thereby produce new viruses. A virus consists of a protein capsid, protecting the viral genome, a long polymer of DNA or RNA, and in some cases is surrounded by a lipid envelope. Recent work suggests that the physical properties of viruses are important in order to understand the viral cycle. In order to link the biological behavior of the virus to their physical properties, we used an approach combining AFM imaging and mechanical measurements at the nanometer scale, in connection with the physical modeling of viral capsids. We have developed automated image and force curves analysis tools to quantify the physical properties of viral capsids and the effect of the microenvironment. We have focused on two very different viruses: the HIV-1 retrovirus, responsible for AIDS and the AAV vector used in gene therapy. This work has led to the characterization of the morphological and mechanical properties of virus-like particles and cores of HIV-1 at the single virus level and on populations of hundreds of viruses. Focusing on the effect of the nature of the RNA encapsidated inside the viral particles in cellulo, we have highlighted the structural control of the viral RNA, and more precisely the psi packaging signal, on both HIV-1 VLPs and cores. Finally, we have initiated the study of the effect of reverse transcription (conversion of viral genomic RNA into DNA) within the cores HIV-1 on its stability. The study of parvovirus AAV existing form of several natural variants (serotypes) allowed us to compare the capsid physical properties at thermodynamic equilibrium and out of equilibrium. By varying the microenvironment (temperature and pH), we probed its influence on the stability of the AAV capsid. We have shown in particular that the AAV8 virus is stiffer than AAV9 while thermal stability is reduced, in relation to different biological properties for these two serotypes. In addition, the rigidity of AAV8 capsids decreases in an acidic environment mimicking the late endosome transport, and this results in a higher thermal stability. Finally, we quantified the effect of the length and nature of the confined genome on the thermal stability of AAV capsids.Les virus sont des parasites biologiques de taille nanométrique. Détournant la machinerie cellulaire de la cellule infectée, ils mettent en place une stratégie de réplication permettant la production de nouveaux virus. Un virus est constitué d’une capside protéique protégeant le génome viral, long polymère d’ADN ou ARN, et possède dans certains cas une enveloppe lipidique. Des travaux récents suggèrent que les propriétés physiques des virus sont importantes pour comprendre certaines étapes du cycle viral. Dans le but de relier le comportement biologique des virus à leurs propriétés physiques, nous avons utilisé une approche combinant l’imagerie AFM et des mesures mécaniques à l’échelle nanométrique, en lien avec la modélisation physique des capsides virales. Nous avons développé des outils d’analyse automatisée des images et courbes de forces obtenues pour quantifier les propriétés physiques de capsides virales et l’effet du microenvironnement. Nous avons étudié deux virus très différents : le rétrovirus VIH-1, responsable du SIDA et le vecteur AAV, utilisé en thérapie génique. Ce travail a permis la caractérisation des propriétés morphologiques et mécaniques de pseudo-particules virales et de cores du VIH-1, à l’échelle du virus unique et sur des populations de centaines de virus. En nous intéressant à l’effet de la nature de l’ARN encapsidé dans les particules virales in cellulo, nous avons montré un rôle structurant pour l’ARN viral du VIH-1 et en particulier son signal d’encapsidation psi. Enfin, nous avons initié l’étude de l’effet de la retro-transcription (conversion du génome viral ARN en ADN) au sein du core VIH-1 sur la stabilité de celui-ci. L’étude du parvovirus AAV existant sous forme de plusieurs variants naturels (sérotypes) nous a permis de comparer les propriétés physiques des capsides à l’équilibre thermodynamique et hors d’équilibre. En faisant varier le microenvironnement (température et pH), nous avons sondé son influence sur la stabilité des capsides AAV. Nous avons pu montrer en particulier que la capside AAV8 est plus rigide que AAV9 alors que sa stabilité thermique est réduite, en relation avec des propriétés biologiques différentes pour ces deux sérotypes. En outre, la rigidité des capsides AAV8 diminue dans un environnement acide imitant l’endosome tardif, et ceci se traduit par une plus grande stabilité thermique. Enfin, nous avons quantifié l’effet de la longueur et de la nature du génome sur la stabilité des capsides AAV

RNA Control of HIV-1 Particle Size Polydispersity

HIV-1, an enveloped RNA virus, produces viral particles that are known to be much more heterogeneous in size than is typical of non-enveloped viruses. We present here a novel strategy to study HIV-1 Viral Like Particles (VLP) assembly by measuring the size distribution of these purified VLPs and subsequent viral cores thanks to Atomic Force Microscopy imaging and statistical analysis. This strategy allowed us to identify whether the presence of viral RNA acts as a modulator for VLPs and cores size heterogeneity in a large population of particles. These results are analyzed in the light of a recently proposed statistical physics model for the self-assembly process. In particular, our results reveal that the modulation of size distribution by the presence of viral RNA is qualitatively reproduced, suggesting therefore an entropic origin for the modulation of RNA uptake by the nascent VLP

Análise estática de torres estaiadas

Um método para análise estática de torres estaiadas no espaço é desenvolvido, levando em consideração as características de não linearidade física e geométrica do problema . A torre e os cabos podem estar submetidos a cargas distribuídas e concentradas segundo a direção dos eixos globais X, Y, Z, não sendo necessário definir a forma geométrica dos cabos. A solução dos mesmos é obtida utilizando-se o Método das Reações Imaginárias e o efeito sobre a torre é dado sob a forma de uma força e uma matriz de constantes de mola. A base da torre pode ser uma rótula, engaste ou apoio sobre molas. Diversos exemplos de cabos isolados e torres apoiadas sobre cabos são apresentados, com o objetivo de analisarmos o comportamento dos mesmos sob diferentes condições de apoio e carregamento .A method for static analysis of guyed towers is introduced, considering it as a three dimensional problem and taking into account its physicall and geometrical nonlinear characteristics. The tower and guy cables may be loaded by distributed and concentred forces, acting in the global directions. It is not necessary to define apriori the cable shape . The cable solution is obtained from the Method of Imaginary Reactions and its effects on the tower are given as a force and a spring matrix . The tower basis may be clamped, hinged or spring- supported. Several examples of cables and guyed towers are presented in order to analyse their behavior under different loading and support conditions

Evolução histórica da distribuição de renda : um estudo exploratório da desigualdade em países selecionados (2000-2020)

A presente monografia tem o formato de um estudo exploratório, que busca observar os níveis e a trajetória da desigualdade da renda global ao longo do século XXI. Além da distribuição global da renda, foram feitas análises individuais para Brasil, México, Índia, Turquia, África do Sul, Estados Unidos e França. O objetivo é traçar um panorama da evolução da renda dos diferentes grupos sociais, assim como suas disparidades. Também buscou-se identificar possíveis correlações entre o salário mínimo e a distribuição de renda em cada país. Traz-se ainda observações sobre a desigualdade de gênero na renda do trabalho. A necessidade intensiva de dados para a realização deste trabalho foi suprida pela World Inequality Database (WID), que fornece séries de renda históricas para dezenas de países. A escolha dessa base de dados vem como solução para os diversos problemas de mensuração enfrentados ao se comparar a distribuição de renda dentro e entre os países. Os dados foram sintetizados em trinta e três tabelas, com focos nos anos de 2000, 2010 e 2020. Concluiu-se que apesar da desigualdade de renda global ter se atenuado ao longo do último século, o mesmo não é verdade para quase nenhum dos países selecionados nesta monografia.This undergraduate thesis has the format of an exploratory study, which seeks to observe the levels and trajectory of global income inequality throughout the 21st century. In addition to the global distribution of income, individual analyses were made for Brazil, Mexico, India, Turkey, South Africa, United States of America and France. The objective is to draw an overview of the evolution of income of different social groups, as well as their disparities. We also sought to identify possible correlations between the minimum wage and income distribution in each country. There are also observations on gender inequality in labor income. The data-intensive need for this thesis was met by the World Inequality Database (WID), which provides historical income series for hundreds of countries. The choice of this database comes as a solution for measurement problems faced when comparing income distribution within and between countries. Data were presented in thirty three tables, focusing on the years 2000, 2010 and 2020. It was concluded that although global income inequality has diminished over the century, the same is not true for almost all the countries selected in this thesis

Facilitateurs et freins à l’entrée en consultation d’orientation professionnelle : enjeux, modèles, perspectives de recherche

Comment expliquer le fait que certaines personnes sollicitent des consultations d’orientation professionnelle alors que d’autres ne s’y engagent pas ? À partir d’une analyse de la littérature, sont examinés les freins et facteurs facilitateurs de l’entrée en consultation d’orientation. L’accent est mis sur l’analyse des variables identitaires, vocationnelles, contextuelles et psychosociales jouant potentiellement un rôle, puis différents cadres théoriques sont exposés pour en rendre compte : l’exploration de carrière, la prise de décision cognitive, la théorie de l’engagement et les modèles explicatifs. La conclusion décrit les enjeux professionnels et scientifiques des travaux sur les déterminants de l’entrée en consultation d’orientation.How can we explain the fact that some people are willing to seek career counseling and others not? A review will observe some facilitating and restraining elements to seek career counseling. Various theoretical frameworks are presented such as career exploration, cognitive decision making, commitment theory and planed behavior theory. Therefore, emphasis is put on variables of identity, vocation, context and psychosociology in order to elaborate an explanatory model. The conclusion describes professional and scientific issues of all the work on elements which determine help-seeking for career counseling. Structural model, Willingness to see a counselor, Intentions to seek counseling, Help-seeking, Career counsellin

Un nouveau paradigme pour la construction de la carrière au 21e siècle : bienvenu !

Cet article analyse et débat le nouveau paradigme pour la construction de la carrière au 21e siècle. Ainsi, sont étudiés, dans cette perspective : l’évolution du travail, la question du conseil en orientation, la conception de la personne humaine, le rôle de la prévention, le choix des méthodes et les effets sociaux des interventions.This article analyzes and debates the new paradigm of career construction in the 21st century. Thus, are studied, in this perspective: Work evolution, the career counselling question, the human person conception, the role of prevention, the choice of methods and the social effects of interventions

SIV(SM)/HIV-2 Vpx proteins promote retroviral escape from a proteasome-dependent restriction pathway present in human dendritic cells

BACKGROUND: Vpx is a non-structural protein coded by members of the SIV(SM)/HIV-2 lineage that is believed to have originated by duplication of the common vpr gene present in primate lentiviruses. Vpx is incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of viral infection, where it is thought to drive nuclear import of viral nucleoprotein complexes. We have previously shown that Vpx is required for SIV(MAC)-derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). However, since the requirement for Vpx is specific for DCs and not for other non-dividing cell types, this suggests that Vpx may play a role other than nuclear import. RESULTS: Here, we show that the function of Vpx in the infection of DCs is conserved exclusively within the SIV(SM)/HIV-2 lineage. At a molecular level, Vpx acts by promoting the accumulation of full length viral DNA. Furthermore, when supplied in target cells prior to infection, Vpx exerts a similar effect following infection of DCs with retroviruses as divergent as primate and feline lentiviruses and gammaretroviruses. Lastly, the effect of Vpx overlaps with that of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in DCs. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results support the notion that Vpx modifies the intracellular milieu of target DCs to facilitate lentiviral infection. The data suggest that this is achieved by promoting viral escape from a proteasome-dependent pathway especially detrimental to viral infection in DCs

Comparaison des effets de trois modes de restitution de questionnaires d’intérêts: nomothétique, constructiviste et intégré

Plusieurs recherches ont été consacrées aux effets de restitution des tests psychologiques, mais peu d’entre elles ont confronté des approches innovantes. Cette recherche vise à comparer trois modes de restitution individuelle en les différenciant selon la conception de l’intervention: 1) nomothétique, qui met l’accent sur la restitution interactive d’un profil de résultats; 2) constructiviste, qui aide le participant à élaborer ses propres catégories d’interprétation; 3) intégrée, qui combine les deux approches précédentes. Les résultats (n = 86) montrent que la restitution constructiviste seule est moins bien évaluée et, chez les hommes, est associée à un moindre sentiment d’efficacité vocationnelle. La restitution intégrée présente les effets les plus favorables lorsqu’on analyse les productions qualitatives des répondants. Les implications pour la recherche et la pratique sont abordées dans la discussion.There have been studies targeting the effects of psychological test interpretation styles; however few of these studies deal with innovative approaches. This research study aims at comparing three styles of interpretation and differentiating them according to how the intervention was designed. There is the nomothetic interpretation, which means accentuating interactive interpretation of a results profile. There is also the constructivist interpretation, which means helping participants to elaborate their own categories of interpretation. The third style is called integrated interpretation and combines the two previous styles. The results (n = 86) show that the constructivist interpretation isn’t evaluated as positively as the other two; in addition the men in our sample associated it with a weak career-decision making self-efficacy. The integrated interpretation style presents the strongest effects when the qualitative productions of the subjects are analyzed. The implications for research and practice are dealt with in the discussion