Synaptic vesicle cycling is not impaired in a glutamatergic and a cholinergic synapse that exhibit deficits in acidification and filling

The purpose of the present work was to investigate synaptic vesicle trafficking when vesicles exhibit alterations in filling and acidification in two different synapses: a cholinergic frog neuromuscular junction and a glutamatergic ribbon-type nerve terminal in the retina. These synapses display remarkable structural and functional differences, and the mechanisms regulating synaptic vesicle cycling might also differ between them. The lipophilic styryl dye FM1-43 was used to monitor vesicle trafficking. Both preparations were exposed to pharmacological agents that collapse ΔpH (NH4Cl and methylamine) or the whole ΔµH+ (bafilomycin), a necessary situation to provide the driving force for neurotransmitter accumulation into synaptic vesicles. The results showed that FM1-43 loading and unloading in neuromuscular junctions did not differ statistically between control and experimental conditions (P >; 0.05). Also, FM1-43 labeling in bipolar cell terminals proved highly similar under all conditions tested. Despite remarkable differences in both experimental models, the present findings show that acidification and filling are not required for normal vesicle trafficking in either synapse.O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o tráfego de vesículas sinápticas quando estas apresentam alterações no armazenamento de neurotransmissores e acidificação em duas distintas sinapses: a junção neuromuscular colinérgica de rãs versus o terminal nervoso glutamatérgico do tipo ribbon em céulas bipolares da retina. Essas sinapses exibem notáveis diferenças estruturais e funcionais e os mecanismos de regulação de ciclo das vesículas sinápticas podem ser diferentes entre eles. Para monitorar o tráfego de vesícula, foi utilizado o marcador lipofílico FM1-43. Ambas as preparações foram expostas a agentes farmacológicos que provocam o colapso de ΔpH (NH4Cl e metilamina) ou de todo ΔµH+ (bafilomicina), gradientes necessários para o acúmulo de neurotransmissores em vesículas sinápticas. Nossos resultados demonstram que a marcação e desmarcação de FM1-43 nas junções neuromusculares não foi estatisticamente diferente entre as diversas condições experimentais (P >; 0,05). Além disso, a marcação de FM1-43 em terminais sinápticos de células bipolares foram bastante semelhantes em todas as condições testadas. Apesar das diferenças marcantes em ambos os modelos experimentais, nossos achados demonstram que a acidificação e o preenchimento de vesículas sinápticas não são necessários para o tráfico normal da vesícula nas sinapses estudadas

Use of natural antioxidants in in vitro mammalian embryo production

In vitro embryo production (IVEP) contributes to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of animal reproduction. Nevertheless, inherent technical factors such as oxidative stress can negatively influence the result and this can impair cell metabolism, thus decreasing the rates of in vitro development, and necessitating the supplementation of culture medium with antioxidants. In this context, compounds of natural origin with this property have been highlighted because of the positive results obtained at different stages of IVEP. Thus, this review aims to present the results obtained by using natural antioxidants to minimize the effects of oxidative stress on gametes and embryos. A variety of natural isolated substances and mixtures (essential oils and extracts) have been studied for supplementation of IVEP media, at stages of in vitro maturation, sperm capacitation, in vitro fertilization, and in vitro development of embryos in different mammalian species. Generally, beneficial effects are observed according to the concentration used, thus demonstrating the potential of several natural antioxidants. Therefore, the main challenges in using these compounds as antioxidants during IVEP include proving their efficiency against free radicals and determining the best concentration at each stage. In addition, understanding the mechanisms of action of such antioxidants is crucial to establishing their use in IVEP biotechnology

Epidemiological and clinical profile of HIV-infected patients from Southwestern Goias State, Brazil

Knowledge about epidemiological distribution patterns of HIV infection in different geographic regions is relevant to understand the dynamics of the disease in Brazil. This study aims to characterize the epidemiological and clinical profile of HIV-infected patients from Southwestern Goias State, from 2005 to 2015. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect clinical-epidemiological, virological, and immunological data from the medical records of all HIV-infected patients (n=539) who were followed at the regional reference center of Jatai, Goias State, Brazil, from 2005 to 2015. We detected the prevalence of male patients and the heterosexual route of transmission, as well as an expressive number of young women infected with HIV. The HIV infection was more prevalent in reproductive ages (55.3%). Most patients presented clinical manifestations related to HIV infection at the time of diagnosis. Twenty-four patients presented coinfection with hepatitis C virus, syphilis, hepatitis B virus, leprosy or Chagas disease. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii was the most common opportunistic infection, followed by neurotoxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, and neurocryptococcosis. Combined antiretroviral therapy improved CD4+ T-cell counts: the mean CD4+ T-cell counts after treatment was twice as high as those found at the first medical appointment; and highly active antiretroviral therapy promoted viral suppression in a significant number of patients. Considering the increasing distribution of HIV infection to the interior of Brazil, this descriptive study outlines the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection in Southwestern Goias and contributes to develop local prevention strategies and public service plans

Alimentação e nutrição com intenção educação alimentar nas escolas: perspectivas de supervisores pedagógicos da comarca de Diamantina/MG

The objective was to analyze, from the perspective of teaching Supervisors, the differences in issues related to work on the topic of Food & Nutrition(F&N), with the intention of Food and Nutritional Education(FNE), carried out by teachers from public schools in the District of Diamantina in urban and rural locations. This is a survey study, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, in which data collected from an online questionnaire carried out with pedagogical supervisors of early childhood education and elementary education of the 83 municipal and state school units in the District of Diamantina – MG was used. Descriptive statistics, absolute and relative frequencies, and Fisher's exact test were used to determine differences in the proportions of Supervisors' responses, as well as analyzes using the word cloud. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between urban and rural areas. The importance of the participation of educators from rural locations must be ignored. The need to work on FNE dimensions beyond the biological was observed, as well as overcoming limitations, such as the scarcity of teaching materials and teacher training. Strategies are recommended to improve teaching material, train educators and encourage collaboration between disciplines, aiming for comprehensive teaching about F&N.Objetivou-se analisar, na ótica dos Supervisores de ensino, as diferenças em questões relacionadas ao trabalho acerca do tema Alimentação & Nutrição(A&N), com intenção de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional(EAN), realizado por professores de escolas públicas da Comarca de Diamantina nas localidades urbana e rural. Este é um estudo de survey, com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, em que foi utilizado dados de coletados de um questionário online realizado com supervisores pedagógicos da educação infantil e do ensino fundamental I das 83 unidades escolares municipais e estaduais da Comarca de Diamantina – MG. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, frequências absolutas e relativas, e o teste exato de Fisher para determinar se as diferenças nas proporções de respostas dos Supervisores, bem como análises por meio da nuvem de palavras. Os resultados indicaram não haver diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre áreas urbanas e rurais. Deve-se descatar a importância da participação dos educadores das localidades rurais. Observou-se a necessidade de se trabalhar dimensões da EAN para além do biológico, bem como superar limitações, como a escassez de materiais didáticos e a capacitação dos professores. Recomenda-se estratégias para melhorar o material didático, capacitar os educadores e fomentar a colaboração entre disciplinas, visando um ensino abrangente sobre A&N

Residue from the extraction of oil from the Brazil Nut in diets for Tambaqui juveniles / Resíduo da extração do óleo da Castanha do Brasil em dietas para juvenis de Tambaqui

The parameters of water quality, productive performance and economic viability were evaluated in tambaqui juveniles fed with different levels (0, 15, 25 and 35%) of Brazil nut meal (BNM). The water parameters measured were: surface temperature (TEMP), dissolved oxygen (OXY), hydrogenic potential (pH), total ammonia (AMO), alkalinity (ALK), hardness (HAR) and nitrite (NIT). Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), apparent feed conversion (AFC), condition factor (K), daily feed intake (DFI) and daily weight gain (DWG) was avaluated. The cost of feed per kilogram consumed (CF US/kg), cost of feed per kilogram of live weight gain (CF kg/LWG), economic efficiency index (EEI) and cost index (CI) were evaluated. TEMP, AMO, NIT, HAR did not differ (P>0.05), the means were 26.8°C, 0.16 mg L-1, 0 mg L and 17.8 mg L-1, respectively. The pH differed (P<0.05) and the treatment with 35% BNM was lower (6.5) when compared to the control (6.7). There was a decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of ALK and a linear increase (P<0.05) for the levels of OXY. The addition of BNM in the diet changed (P<0.05) the WG, SGR, FI, AFC, K, DFI and DWG. There was a downward trend (P<0.05) in the CF US/kg, CF kg/LWG and CI and a linear increase (P&lt;0.05) in the EEI. The BNM improved the production rates and changed the parameters of water quality, the inclusion of up to 35% of the BNM reduces the cost of production of feed and tambaqui juveniles.

The effects of three different low-volume aerobic training protocols on cardiometabolic parameters of type 2 diabetes patients: A randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of different aerobic training protocols on cardiometabolic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis study was a parallel clinical trial. Fifty-two men and women with T2DM (&gt;40 years) were randomly allocated into three groups, and 44 (22 males/22 females) were included in the final analysis. Exercise intensity was based on the speed corresponding to the maximum oxygen consumption (vV˙O2max). Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) involved 14 minutes at 70% of vV˙O2max; short interval high-intensity interval training (S-HIIT) consisted of 20 bouts of 30 seconds at 100% of V˙O2max with 30 seconds passive recovery; long interval high-intensity training (L-HIIT) consisted of 5 bouts of 2 minutes at 100% of vV˙O2max with 2 minutes passive recovery. Training protocols were performed on a motorized treadmill two times per week for eight weeks. Glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac), total cholesterol, triglycerides, resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate (resting HR) and maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) were measured before and after the exercise intervention. The study was registered on the Brazilian clinical trial records (ID: RBR45 4RJGC3).ResultsThere was a significant difference between groups for changes on V˙O2max. Greater increases on V˙O2max were achieved for L-HIIT (p = 0.04) and S-HIIT (p = 0.01) in comparison to MICT group, with no significant difference between L-HIIT and S-HIIT (p = 0.9). Regarding comparison within groups, there were significant reductions on HbA1c and triglycerides levels only for L-HIIT (p&lt; 0.05). V˙O2max significantly increased for both L-HIIT (MD = 3.2 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min, p&lt; 0.001) and S-HIIT (MD = 3.4 ± 1.7, p&lt; 0.001). There was a significant reduction on resting SBP for L-HIIT group (MD = -12.07 ± 15.3 mmHg, p&lt; 0.01), but not for S-HIIT and MICT. There were no significant changes from pre- to post-training on fasting glycemia, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, resting HR and resting DBP for any group (p &gt; 0.05).ConclusionLow-volume HIIT promoted greater improvements in cardiorespiratory capacity in comparison with low-volume MICT, independent of the protocols used. There were no other differences between groups. All protocols improved at least one of the variables analyzed; however, the most evident benefits were after the high-intensity protocols, especially L-HIIT

Microbial community structure and dynamics in thermophilic composting viewed through metagenomics and metatranscriptomics

Composting is a promising source of new organisms and thermostable enzymes that may be helpful in environmental management and industrial processes. Here we present results of metagenomicand metatranscriptomic-based analyses of a large composting operation in the Sao Paulo Zoo Park. This composting exhibits a sustained thermophilic profile (50 degrees C to 75 degrees C), which seems to preclude fungal activity. The main novelty of our study is the combination of time-series sampling with shotgun DNA, 16S rRNA gene amplicon, and metatranscriptome high-throughput sequencing, enabling an unprecedented detailed view of microbial community structure, dynamics, and function in this ecosystem. The time-series data showed that the turning procedure has a strong impact on the compost microbiota, restoring to a certain extent the population profile seen at the beginning of the processand that lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction occurs synergistically and sequentially, with hemicellulose being degraded preferentially to cellulose and lignin. Moreover, our sequencing data allowed near-complete genome reconstruction of five bacterial species previously found in biomass-degrading environments and of a novel biodegrading bacterial species, likely a new genus in the order Bacillales. The data and analyses provided are a rich source for additional investigations of thermophilic composting microbiology.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Provost's Office for Research of the University of Sao PauloCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, Dept Bioquim, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Programa Pos Graduacao Interunidades Bioinformat, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Escola Artes Ciencias & Humanidades, Sao Paulo, Brazil|Fundacao Parque Zool Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, Sao Paulo, BrazilBiocomplex Inst Virginia, Blacksburg, VA USADepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2011/50870-6Web of Scienc

Manual de boas práticas e sustentabilidade no turismo

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sugarcane (Saccharum X officinarum): A Reference Study for the Regulation of Genetically Modified Cultivars in Brazil

Global interest in sugarcane has increased significantly in recent years due to its economic impact on sustainable energy production. Sugarcane breeding and better agronomic practices have contributed to a huge increase in sugarcane yield in the last 30 years. Additional increases in sugarcane yield are expected to result from the use of biotechnology tools in the near future. Genetically modified (GM) sugarcane that incorporates genes to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses could play a major role in achieving this goal. However, to bring GM sugarcane to the market, it is necessary to follow a regulatory process that will evaluate the environmental and health impacts of this crop. The regulatory review process is usually accomplished through a comparison of the biology and composition of the GM cultivar and a non-GM counterpart. This review intends to provide information on non-GM sugarcane biology, genetics, breeding, agronomic management, processing, products and byproducts, as well as the current technologies used to develop GM sugarcane, with the aim of assisting regulators in the decision-making process regarding the commercial release of GM sugarcane cultivars

Educomunicação em Tempos de Pandemia:

Os textos que compõem esta obra são oriundos do VIII Colóquio Ibero-americano de Educomunicação (VIII CIEducom) e IX Colóquio Catarinense de Educomunicação (IX CCEducom), realizados em março de 2021. Em um ano no qual o vírus SARS-CoV-2 e variantes circularam por diversos territórios, Educomunicação em tempos de pandemia: práticas e desafios foi o tema discutido nos eventos. Este livro colocado à disposição do público é um modo de compartilhar caminhos e convidar pessoas curiosas a percorrerem, por meio das palavras e recursos gráficos, desafios identificados e estratégias para o enfrentamento deste inesperado período de pandemia