USING MSG THERMAL INFRARED SURFACE TEMPERATURE TO IMPROVE SVAT MODEL SIMULATIONS

ABSTRACT Interesting perspectives concerning the calibration of Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models are offered thanks to the higher acquisition frequency of the thermal infrared (TIR) brightness temperature provided by MSG. SVAT models are useful for the monitoring of root zone soil moisture, sensible and latent surface fluxes. They may be helpful for meso-scale meteorological models initialisation, or for hydrological and agricultural applications. It was recently proven that SVAT models could be correctly calibrated thanks to thermal infrared data. However, this was only shown at the local field scale on homogeneous covers with ground-based data. The purpose of this presentation is to present the potentialities of TIR brightness temperatures acquired by MSG in order to calibrate SVAT model over patchy regions. The feasibility studies are performed with simulated data to test calibration and desegregation methodologies

Expression and regulation of the Msx1 natural antisense transcript during development

Bidirectional transcription, leading to the expression of an antisense (AS) RNA partially complementary to the protein coding sense (S) RNA, is an emerging subject in mammals and has been associated with various processes such as RNA interference, imprinting and transcription inhibition. Homeobox genes do not escape this bidirectional transcription, raising the possibility that such AS transcription occurs during embryonic development and may be involved in the complexity of regulation of homeobox gene expression. According to the importance of the Msx1 homeobox gene function in craniofacial development, especially in tooth development, the expression and regulation of its recently identified AS transcripts were investigated in vivo in mouse from E9.5 embryo to newborn, and compared with the S transcript and the encoded protein expression pattern and regulation. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of S, AS transcripts and protein are consistent with a role of AS RNA in the regulation of Msx1 expression in timely controlled developmental sites. Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions were shown to control the spatial organization of S and also AS RNA expression during early patterning of incisors and molars in the odontogenic mesenchyme. To conclude, this study clearly identifies the Msx1 AS RNA involvement during tooth development and evidences a new degree of complexity in craniofacial developmental biology: the implication of endogenous AS RNAs

: Gender differences in STEMI

International audienceBACKGROUND: Gender differences in presentation, management and outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been reported. AIM: To determine whether female gender is associated with higher inhospital mortality. METHODS: Data from ORBI, a regional STEMI registry of 5 years' standing, were analysed. The main data on presentation, management, inhospital outcome and prescription at discharge were compared between genders. Various adjusted hazard ratios were then calculated for inhospital mortality (women versus men). RESULTS: The analysis included 5000 patients (mean age 62.6±13 years), with 1174 women (23.5%). Women were on average 8 years older than men, with more frequent co-morbidities. Median ischaemia time was 215 minutes (26 minutes longer in women; P<0.05). Reperfusion strategies in women less frequently involved fibrinolysis, coronary angiography, radial access and thrombo-aspiration. Female gender, especially in patients aged<60 years, was associated with poorer inhospital prognosis (including higher inhospital mortality: 9% vs. 4% in men; P<0.0001), and underutilization of recommended treatments at discharge. Moreover, excess female inhospital mortality was independent of presentation, revascularization time and reperfusion strategy (hazard ratio for women 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.76; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: One in four patients admitted for STEMI was female, with significant differences in presentation. Female gender was associated with less-optimal treatment, both in the acute-phase and at discharge. Efforts should be made to reduce these differences, especially as female gender was independently associated with an elevated risk of inhospital mortality

Apport des mesures de température de surface par télédétection infrarouge thermique pour la modélisation des échanges d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface sol végétation atmosphère

The land surface temperature is a key variable of the water and energy budget at the soil vegetation atmosphere (SVA) interface. Such variable is measured by remote sensing in the thermal infrared domain which corresponds to an atmospheric window for satellite measurements. As a consequence, frequently measurements, ground based or acquired from space has achieved by the MeteoSat8 (MSG) – SEVIRI sensor at a fifteen minutes temporal resolution, enables the continuous surface exchanges monitoring. Numerical representation of these exchanges over vegetative canopies, like the SEtHyS SVAT model used in this study, can then be constrained with a surface temperature assimilation technique. The originality of this thesis study was to develop a methodology based on the knowledge of temperature diurnal dynamic features in order to monitor the water and energy budget at the SVA interface at agricultural field scale and further at the heterogeneous landscape spatial resolution.La température des surfaces naturelles est un terme clé du bilan d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface entre le sol la végétation et l'atmosphère (SVA). Cette variable est accessible par télédétection dans le domaine spectral infrarouge thermique correspondant à une fenêtre atmosphérique pour les mesures spatiales. Dès lors, des mesures fréquentes de celle-ci au niveau du sol ou par satellite comme celles du capteur SEVIRI de MétéoSat8 (MSG) à la résolution du quart d'heure, permettent le suivi continu des échanges de surface. La représentation numérique de ces échanges pour les couverts végétaux par des modèles TSVA comme le modèle SEtHyS, utilisé pour cette étude, peut alors être contrainte par l'assimilation de la température de surface. La spécificité de ce travail de thèse a été de développer une méthodologie basée sur la dynamique de son cycle diurne pour suivre le bilan d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface SVA au niveau de la parcelle agricole puis à l'échelle du paysage hétérogène

Asymétries financières et transmission de la politique monétaire en Europe

Financial Asymmetries and Monetary Policy Transmission by Virginie Coudert and Benoît Mojon In view of an impending single monetary policy in Europe, it is essential to know whether one and the same monetary policy has a similar effect on national economies. Despite the prevalent use of the interest rate as an instrument by the central banks, there are numerous channels via which monetary policy is transmitted to the real sphere. In addition to the IS-LM channel concerning the money supply and interest rates, and the exchange rate channel with its well-known effect on prices and foreign trade, a credit transmission channel has recently been highlighted by numerous studies. Dependency on bank loans by certain categories of players, households and SMEs, introduces a transmission channel when banks adjust their credit supply in line with the tightness of the monetary policy. The relative weight of these different channels, with their potentially contradictory effects, conditions the efficiency of the monetary policy. Yet there are good grounds for believing that these transmission channels can differ from one country to another and even from one period to another in a single country. This is because the institutional organisation of the financial system differs and changes over time.Asymétries financières et transmission de la politique monétaire en Europe par Virginie Coudert et Benoît Mojon Dans la perspective d'une politique monétaire unique en Europe, il est essentiel de savoir si une même politique monétaire a un impact similaire sur les économies nationales. Malgré l'utilisation générale du taux d'intérêt comme instrument par les banques centrales, les canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire à la sphère réelle sont multiples. En plus du canal de type ISLM qui transite par la monnaie ou le taux d'intérêt et le canal du taux de change dont l'impact sur les prix et le commerce extérieur sont bien connus, un canal de transmission par le crédit a été récemment mis en avant par une littérature abondante. La dépendance au crédit bancaire de certaines catégories d'agents, les ménages et les PME, introduit un canal de transmission si les banques modifient leur offre de crédit selon la tension de la politique monétaire. L'importance relative de ces différents canaux, dont les effets peuvent être contradictoires, conditionne l'efficacité de la politique monétaire. Or, tout porte à croire que ces canaux de transmission peuvent différer d'un pays à l'autre, voire d'une période à l'autre pour un même pays, parce que l'organisation institutionnelle des systèmes financiers est différente et qu'elle évolue dans le temps.Coudert Virginie, Mojon Benoît. Asymétries financières et transmission de la politique monétaire en Europe. In: Économie & prévision, n°128, 1997-2. L'intégration européenne : nouveaux enjeux. pp. 41-60

An improved SVAT model calibration strategy based on the optimisation of surface temperature temporal dynamics

Various studies have demonstrated the potential of thermal infrared brightness temperature (TIR TB) for monitoring surface exchanges of water and energy. This study focuses on the contribution of TIR TB data for Land Surface Model (LSM) calibration. A numerical representation of the Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere (SVA) transfers (SVAT model), named SEtHyS, was used. A calibration methodology of the model based uniquely on the optimisation of TIR TB diurnal cycle features has been developed and applied, in an assimilation context, to the full vegetation period of a wheat crop. The results illustrate the advantages of such a methodology for the monitoring of environmental conditions simulated with the SVAT model, such as the root zone soil moisture. The impact of observation and simulation errors on TIR TB was analysed and quantified in controlled numerical experiments. The results demonstrate the advantages of using relative temperature characteristics, instead of temperature values themselves, to minimise the impact of noise

Evaluation de la pratique de la vaccination antitétanique en médecine générale

Malgré la vaccination antitétanique incluse dans le calendrier vaccinal, le tétanos n'est toujours pas éradiqué en France. La prévention du tétanos s'articule autour de la connaissance du risque tétanigène de la plaie, la connaissance du statut vaccinal du patient, l'utilisation à bon escient du vaccin et des immunoglobulines. Le but de mon travail a été de connaître la pratique de la vaccination antitétanique en médecine générale. Méthode : 300 médecins généralistes ont reçu un questionnaire intitulé " enquête sur la pratique de la vaccination antitétanique en médecine générale ". Résultats : le taux de participation est de 54 %. Pour connaître et suivre le statut vaccinal, 95 % des médecins répondants utilisent le carnet de vaccination et 55 % utilisent un fichier informatique. 43.2 % des médecins répondants demandent le statut vaccinal de leurs patients âgés. 38.9 % des médecins généralistes répondants ne vaccinent pas les patients immunodéprimés (patients VIH en particulier) et 37 % des médecins répondants ne vaccinent pas les femmes enceintes. Si le dernier rappel antitétanique date de plus de 10 ans, 46.9 % des médecins généralistes répondants réalisent 2 injections de vaccin à 1 mois d'intervalle. Conclusion : le statut vaccinal des personnes âgées est insuffisamment suivi, la vaccination est insuffisamment utilisée pour les femmes enceintes et les patients immunodéprimés, lors d'un rappel datant de plus de 10 ans, les médecins répondants utilisent trop souvent 2 injections de vaccin. La FMC, les sociétés savantes et la CPAM doivent rappeler régulièrement les règles de bonne utilisation du calendrier vaccinal. Si le statut vaccinal apparaît au niveau de la carte vitale, tout médecin pourra, en cas de plaie tétanigène le connaître et agir en connaissance de cause.PARIS7-Xavier Bichat (751182101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF