6 research outputs found

    Effects of Pharmaceutical Care in Colorectal Cancer Patients

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    Objective:  To investigate the effect of pharmaceutical care on the knowledge, self care behavior and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients. Method: Participants were colorectal cancer patients receiving at least 1 course of chemotherapy at Chemotherapy Unit, Khon Kaen Hospital, from 3 rd  January to 31st  March 2009. All participants were given a pre-test including questionnaires on  knowledge, self care behavior and quality of life (FACT-C version 4), then randomly divided into 2 groups, intervention (n = 14) and control (n = 15) groups. Patients in control group received routine care while those in intervention group received pharmaceutical care (e.g. knowledge about their cancer, chemotherapy and self care). Post-test was given after their next course of chemotherapy. Results: Based on post-test, patients in the intervention group were found to have significantly greater knowledge (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the self care behavior or quality of life between the two groups.  Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care improves score on knowledge about cancer, self care and chemotherapy; but not on self care or quality of life in colorectal patients. Further research is required to optimize its impact on quality of life. Relevant factors such as follow-up, number of intervention, and local language should also be investigated for their impacts on improving clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Keywords: colorectal cancer, pharmaceutical care, quality of life, chemotherap

    Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities.

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    With reports of pandrug-resistant bacteria causing untreatable infections, the need for new antibacterial therapies is more pressing than ever. Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of compounds that have served as scaffolds for important antibacterial drugs such as metronidazole and the quinolones. In this review, we highlight other alkaloids with development potential. Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic alkaloids of all classes are considered, looking first at those with direct antibacterial activity and those with antibiotic-enhancing activity. Potent examples include CJ-13,136, a novel actinomycete-derived quinolone alkaloid with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.1 ng/mL against Helicobacter pylori, and squalamine, a polyamine alkaloid from the dogfish shark that renders Gram-negative pathogens 16- to >32-fold more susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Where available, information on toxicity, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action and in vivo activity is presented. The effects of alkaloids on virulence gene regulatory systems such as quorum sensing and virulence factors such as sortases, adhesins and secretion systems are also described. The synthetic isoquinoline alkaloid virstatin, for example, inhibits the transcriptional regulator ToxT in Vibrio cholerae, preventing expression of cholera toxin and fimbriae and conferring in vivo protection against intestinal colonisation. The review concludes with implications and limitations of the described research and directions for future research

    āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction of the Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs

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    āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ (handout) āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™ (computer-assisted instruction; CAI) āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļ‡āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļĄ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ 3 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 91 āļ„āļ™ āļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļšāļšāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļāļĢāļ”āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ (n = 46) āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ handout āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ (n = 45) āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ CAI āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 80 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ 2 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ 3 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™ (PreInt) āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‹āđ‰āļģāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩ (PostInt2) āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‹āđ‰āļģāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ 15 āļ§āļąāļ™ (Ret15) āļœāļĨāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļ„ (āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‹āđ‰āļģāļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ 25 āļ§āļąāļ™) āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‹āđ‰āļģāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ PostInt2 āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļē PreInt āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (P-value < 0.001) āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļ‡āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ PostInt2 āđāļĨāļ° Ret15 āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļ„ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 90 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ āļēāļžāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ (P-value < 0.05) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāļ‹āđ‰āļģāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ CAI āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ handout āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļ‡āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļēāļ§āļ™āļēāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡ 25 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™, āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡, āļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļ‡āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰Objective: To compare learning effectiveness and retention and satisfaction of providing a traditional handout and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) for post-lecture review of information on the pharmacology of anticancer drugs. Methods: A total of 91 3rd year pharmacy students of Mahasarakham University were enrolled in the study. All participants attended the lecture of pharmacology of anticancer drugs 3 days before the experiment. Students were allocated to 2 groups by stratified random sampling based on accumulated grade point average (GPAX). Of these, 46 students were assigned to control group (handout), and 45 students to test group (CAI). Eighty minutes was set for each of the two self-study sessions 3 days apart. All participants were assessed using a pre-test (PreInt), post-tests given immediateoy after the two self-study sessions (PostInt2), and retention tests given 15 days (Ret15) after the second self-study session. Midterm examination (given 25 days after the second self-study session) and student satisfaction were also identified. Results: At PostInt2, participants in both groups had significantly higher scores than PreInt (P–value < 0.001). However, no significant difference between groups was detected. In terms of learning retention, no significant differences were detected between PostInt2 and Ret15. Both groups scored well in their midterm examinations, with all scores over 90%, and no significant difference detected between groups. Regarding the average satisfaction scores for lecture reviewing materials, these were significantly higher for CAI than the handout (p<0.05), with students preferring the imagery, text size and conciseness of the CAI. Conclusion: Students’ learning effectiveness and long-term learning retention (25 days) could be improved when lecture content was reviewed with either CAI or a handout. Further improvements could be achievable if a second self-study session with CAI or a handout was scheduled. Keywords: computer-assisted instruction (CAI), pharmacology of anticancer drugs, learning effectiveness, learning retentio

    Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Cancer Treatment - āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđ„āđŒāļ‹āđ‚āļ•āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļĄāļžāļĩ 450 āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡

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    AbstractNovel anticancer agents with improved efficacy and selectivity are urgentlyneeded. The cytochrome P450 family of enzymes (P450), which is involvedin the Phase I metabolism of a wide variety of compounds, represents aninteresting target for cancer research. The role and importance of P450enzymes in cancer formation and progression has led to the developmentof cancer therapeutics based on P450 expression and metabolic pathways.Some P450 enzymes have been identified as having tumor-specificexpression, for instance CYP1B1. Knowledge in these enzymes’ substrateand mechanism of action in tumor cells has become very useful in thedesign of new chemotherapeutics and/or development of more effectiveexisting anticancer drugs. It can help reduce systemic toxicity and enhancespecificity to tumor cells. This review aims to outline the applications ofP450 enzymes in cancer therapy. Applications include inhibition ofenzymes involved in hormone-dependent cancer and vitamin metabolism,development of prodrugs activated by enzymes, and P450-mediated genetherapy.Keywords: cytochrome P450 enzymes, cancer treatment, targeted therapy,tumor-specific expressionāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļŠāļđāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒ cytochrome P450 (P450) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™ phase I āļˆāļąāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒ CYP1B1 āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāđ„āļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ‚āđŒ āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĒāļēāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđāļĨāļ°/āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļĒāļēāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļšāļģāļšāļąāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ”āļĩāļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļģāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāļĐāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒ P450 āđƒāļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđāļšāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ‰āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒ P450 āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ› prodrug āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļšāļģāļšāļąāļ” āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āđ€āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‹āļĄāđŒāđ„āļ‹āđ‚āļ•āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļĄāļžāļĩ 450, āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡, āļ­āļ­āļāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđāđŒ āļšāļšāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ, āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡

    The Evaluation and Development of Computer-Assisted Instruction Program in Pharmacology of Asthma-āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļīāļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļ·āļ”

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    AbstractObjective: To develop and evaluate the computer-assisted instructionprogram (CAI) in asthma pharmacology.Methods: Quasi-experimentaldesign was used to collect data related to the impact of CAI and hand-outself-study on students’ achievement in learning asthma pharmacology. The20 Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students at Faculty of Pharmacy,Mahasarakham University were randomly allocated to 2 groups by drawinglots. Intervention group (n = 10) was provided a self-study CAI and controlgroup (n=10) was given a self-study handouts. The experiment wasconducted from November to December 2010. Between groups and withingrouppre-post comparisons on knowledge about asthma (30 questions)were carried out. Opinions on the learning process from both groups werealso obtained.Results: Post-test knowledge score in either group wassignificantly higher than its pre-test score (P = 0.005 in both groups).However, post-test scores between the two groups were not statisticallydifferent. In terms of participants’ opinion, it was found that opinion scoreson knowledge gained, self-study skills acquired and student satisfaction inthe intervention group were significantly greater than control group (P =0.044, = 0.018 and = 0.014, respectively). Students in study groupsuggested improve CAI in the following aspects: color setting, font size,and narration speed.Conclusion: Using CAI stimulates learning processand improves understanding in the learning subject. It could be analternative means of self-learning.Key words: computer-assisted instruction program, asthma, pharmacologyāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™ (computer-assisted instruction; CAI) āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļ·āļ”āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļšāļš quasi-experimental design āđƒāļŠāđ‰ CAI āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļąāļ™āđ‰ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļēāļĄ āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2553 āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ (āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡) āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĨāļ° 10 āļ„āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™ CAI āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰ CAI āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļ­āļšāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ (āļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŦāļĄāļ” 30 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­) āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (P = 0.005 āļ—āļąāļ‡āđ‰ āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ) āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ 1) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ 2) āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āđāļāđ‰āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­ (P = 0.044, P = 0.018, P = 0.014 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš) āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĩ āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļē āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ : āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļ·āļ”, āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒ

    Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities

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    With reports of pandrug-resistant bacteria causing untreatable infections, the need for new antibacterial therapies is more pressing than ever. Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of compounds, which have served as scaffolds for important antibacterial drugs like metronidazole and the quinolones. In this review we highlight other alkaloids with development potential. Natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic alkaloids of all classes are considered, looking first at those with direct antibacterial activity and those with antibiotic-enhancing activity. Potent examples include CJ-13,136, a novel actinomycete-derived quinolone alkaloid with MICs of 0.1 ng/mL against Helicobacter pylori, and squalamine, a polyamine alkaloid from the dogfish shark which renders Gram-negative pathogens 16 to >32-fold more susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Where available, information on toxicity, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and in vivo activity is presented. The effects of alkaloids on virulence gene regulatory systems such as quorum sensing, and virulence factors like sortases, adhesins, and secretion systems are also described. The synthetic isoquinoline alkaloid virstatin, for example, inhibits the transcriptional regulator ToxT in Vibrio cholerae, preventing expression of cholera toxin and fimbriae, and conferring in vivo protection against intestinal colonization. The review concludes with implications and limitations of the described research, and directions for future research
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