Comparative Analysis of Muscle Transcriptome between Pig Genotypes Identifies Genes and Regulatory Mechanisms Associated to Growth, Fatness and Metabolism.

Iberian ham production includes both purebred (IB) and Duroc-crossbred (IBxDU) Iberian pigs, which show important differences in meat quality and production traits, such as muscle growth and fatness. This experiment was conducted to investigate gene expression differences, transcriptional regulation and genetic polymorphisms that could be associated with the observed phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs. Nine IB and 10 IBxDU pigs were slaughtered at birth. Morphometric measures and blood samples were obtained and samples from Biceps femoris muscle were employed for compositional and transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq technology. Phenotypic differences were evident at this early age, including greater body size and weight in IBxDU and greater Biceps femoris intramuscular fat and plasma cholesterol content in IB newborns. We detected 149 differentially expressed genes between IB and IBxDU neonates (p < 0.01 and Fold-Change > 1. 5). Several were related to adipose and muscle tissues development (DLK1, FGF21 or UBC). The functional interpretation of the transcriptomic differences revealed enrichment of functions and pathways related to lipid metabolism in IB and to cellular and muscle growth in IBxDU pigs. Protein catabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis and immune system were functions enriched in both genotypes. We identified transcription factors potentially affecting the observed gene expression differences. Some of them have known functions on adipogenesis (CEBPA, EGRs), lipid metabolism (PPARGC1B) and myogenesis (FOXOs, MEF2D, MYOD1), which suggest a key role in the meat quality differences existing between IB and IBxDU hams. We also identified several polymorphisms showing differential segregation between IB and IBxDU pigs. Among them, non-synonymous variants were detected in several transcription factors as PPARGC1B and TRIM63 genes, which could be associated to altered gene function. Taken together, these results provide information about candidate genes, metabolic pathways and genetic polymorphisms potentially involved in phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs associated to meat quality and production traits

El flujo de materiales y el desarrollo económico en España: un análisis sobre desmaterialización (1980-2004)

El análisis de los flujos de materiales que circulan a través de un sistema económico es una forma de medir la dimensión física del consumo y la apropiación de recursos por parte de una sociedad y, en consecuencia, es una manera indirecta de medir su impacto ambiental. De esta manera, los indicadores de flujos de materiales pueden ser considerados como indicadores indirectos de sostenibilidad, y por tanto, pueden ser de utilidad para comprobar la hipótesis de la desmaterialización; es decir, la idea de que el progreso tecnológico conlleva una disminución del total de materiales usados (desmaterialización fuerte) o de los materiales usados por unidad de producción (desmaterialización débil). Este artículo presenta la contabilidad de flujos de materiales para España entre 1980 y 2004. Asimismo, analiza la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental usando el consumo de materiales como indicador de impacto ambiental. El análisis revela que durante el periodo analizado no tuvo lugar ningún proceso de desmaterialización, ni fuerte ni débil. Aunque la población no se incrementó considerablemente, los materiales movilizados por la economía española (las entradas directas de materiales, EDM) se duplicaron, creciendo a tasas anuales por encima del PIB. Además, se constata que en términos físicos España pasó a ser más dependiente del comercio exterior. De hecho, las importaciones netas medidas en toneladas se duplicaron durante el periodo.Material flow analysis (MFA) is a means of measuring the social metabolism, or physical dimensions of a society's consumption, and can be taken as an indirect and approximate indicator of sustainability. Material flow accounting can be used to test the dematerialisation hypothesis, the idea that technological progress causes a decrease in total material used (strong dematerialisation) or material used per monetary unit of output (weak dematerialisation). This paper provides the results of a material flow analysis for Spain for the period from 1980 to 2004. In addition, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is analysed in this paper, using material consumption as an indicator of global environmental impact. The analysis reveals that neither strong nor weak dematerialisation took place during the period analysed. Although the population did not increase considerably, materials mobilised by the Spanish economy (Direct Material Input, or DMI) doubled, surpassing GDP growth. In addition, Spain became more dependent on external trade in physical terms. In fact, its net imports more than doubled during the period in terms of weight

El flujo de materiales y el desarrollo económico en España: un análisis sobre desmaterialización (1980-2004)

El análisis de los flujos de materiales que circulan a través de un sistema económico es una forma de medir la dimensión física del consumo y la apropiación de recursos por parte de una sociedad y, en consecuencia, es una manera indirecta de medir su impacto ambiental. De esta manera, los indicadores de flujos de materiales pueden ser considerados como indicadores indirectos de sostenibilidad, y por tanto, pueden ser de utilidad para comprobar la hipótesis de la desmaterialización; es decir, la idea de que el progreso tecnológico conlleva una disminución del total de materiales usados (desmaterialización fuerte) o de los materiales usados por unidad de producción (desmaterialización débil). Este artículo presenta la contabilidad de flujos de materiales para España entre 1980 y 2004. Asimismo, analiza la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental usando el consumo de materiales como indicador de impacto ambiental. El análisis revela que durante el periodo analizado no tuvo lugar ningún proceso de desmaterialización, ni fuerte ni débil. Aunque la población no se incrementó considerablemente, los materiales movilizados por la economía española (las entradas directas de materiales, EDM) se duplicaron, creciendo a tasas anuales por encima del PIB. Además, se constata que en términos físicos España pasó a ser más dependiente del comercio exterior. De hecho, las importaciones netas medidas en toneladas se duplicaron durante el periodo.España, desmaterialización, sostenibilidad, curva de Kuznets ambiental, análisis de flujos de materiales

Immunotoxic Effects Induced by Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review

Cyanotoxin occurrence is gaining importance due to anthropogenic activities, climate change and eutrophication. Among them, Microcystins (MCs) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are the most frequently studied due to their ubiquity and toxicity. Although MCs are primary classified as hepatotoxins and CYN as a cytotoxin, they have been shown to induce deleterious effects in a wide range of organs. However, their effects on the immune system are as yet scarcely investigated. Thus, to know the impact of cyanotoxins on the immune system, due to its importance in organisms’ homeostasis, is considered of interest. A review of the scientific literature dealing with the immunotoxicity of MCs and CYN has been performed, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have been considered. Results have confirmed the scarcity of reports on the topic, particularly for CYN. Decreased cell viability, apoptosis or altered functions of immune cells, and changed levels and mRNA expression of cytokines are among the most common effects reported. Underlying mechanisms, however, are still not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed in order to have a full picture of cyanotoxin immunotoxicity.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades PID2019-104890RB-I00Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad - FPI grant number BES-2016-07877

Assessment of Food Sources and the Intake of the Colourless Carotenoids Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spain.

Phytoene (PT) and phytofluene (PTF), colorless carotenoids, have largely been ignored in food science studies, food technology, and nutrition. However, they are present in commonly consumed foods and may have health-promotion effects and possible uses as cosmetics. The goal of this study is to assess the most important food sources of PT and PTF and their dietary intakes in a representative sample of the adult Spanish population. A total of 62 food samples were analyzed (58 fruit and vegetables; seven items with different varieties/color) and carotenoid data of four foods (three fruits and one processed food) were compiled. PT concentration was higher than that of PTF in all the foods analyzed. The highest PT content was found in carrot, apricot, commercial tomato juice, and orange (7.3, 2.8, 2.0, and 1.1 mg/100 g, respectively). The highest PTF level was detected in carrots, commercial tomato sauce and canned tomato, apricot, and orange juice (1.7, 1.2, 1.0, 0.6, and 0.04 mg/100 g, respectively). The daily intakes of PT and PTF were 1.89 and 0.47 mg/person/day, respectively. The major contributors to the dietary intake of PT (98%) and PTF (73%) were: carrot, tomato, orange/orange juice, apricot, and watermelon. PT and PTF are mainly supplied by vegetables (81% and 69%, respectively). Considering the color of the edible part of the foods analyzed (fruit, vegetables, sauces, and beverages), the major contributor to the daily intake of PT and PTF (about 98%) were of red/orange color.post-print1287 K

Antioxidants (carotenoids and phenolics) profile of cherry tomatoes as influenced by deficit irrigation, ripening and cluster

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the effect of regulated deficit irrigation, cluster, developmental stages and two seasons (autumn 2015 and spring 2016) on the commercial and functional quality (carotenoids and plenolics levels) in ‘Lazarino’ and 'summerbrix’ tomatoes. Autumn had a positive effect on the commercial quality, with larger fruits (22% in 'summerbrix’; 26% in ‘Lazarino’) and higher soluble solids (16% in 'summerbrix’; 12% in ‘Lazarino’). Total carotenoids did not change significantly with irrigation and variety while total phenolics did with the cluster and season. In most cases, the main amounts of carotenoids and phenolic were found in the higher cluster and carotenoids in ripe fruit. Thus, irrigation of such varieties could be reduced drastically (ca. 80%) without affecting considerably the overall quality of their fruits (changes not greater than 30%).Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2012-37610, BIO2015-71703-RED

The interface between Macroecology and Conservation : existing links and untapped opportunities

Peer reviewe

Boletín Momento Económico, año 10, núm. 56-57, noviembre 2018-junio 2019.

En estos números de Momento Económico, se analiza al presupuesto mexicano y la formación bruta de capital fijo en el contexto de la Agenda del Desarrollo de la ONU. También se incluye un análisis sobre desindustrialización de la manufactura mexicana y la posible firma del T-MEC. Asimismo, se evalúa a la economía mexicana en el contexto de la 4ª. Transformación en México. Finalmente, se incluye un estudio sobre el rescate del campo mexicano el contexto del Plan Nacional de Desarroll

Frecuencia del apiñamiento dentario en adolescentes del área de salud Masó. 2008.

Como propósito se ha tenido el determinar la prevalencia del apiñamiento dentario en adolescentes del área de salud Masó, en el curso escolar 2007-2008, identificar la prevalencia por sexos, precisar la arcada más afectada, clasificarlo y relacionarlo con la clasificación de Angle. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-prospectivo en un universo de 987 adolescentes, seleccionando de forma aleatoria estratificada una muestra de 138; se examinaron en sus propios escenarios, con luz natural y se utilizaron depresores linguales, pie de rey y solución esterilizante. La frecuencia del apiñamiento dentario fue de 44,2%; según el sexo, el masculino mostró 49,2% y el femenino, 50,8%; el apiñamiento dentario en la mandíbula mostró 44,2%; en el maxilar, 23% y en ambos maxilares, 32,8%. Al clasificarlo, el apiñamiento ligero se observó en 52 adolescentes (64,2%) y es la clase I de Angle la que más se relacionó con el apiñamiento (57,4%). La frecuencia del apiñamiento dentario se presentó por encima de 40%, no existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al sexo. Apareció el apiñamiento más en la mandíbula y es el ligero, él que aportó mayor número de casos, es la Clase I la que se relacionó más con la patología en estudio.  Palabras clave: Adolescentes, apiñamiento dentario, epidemiología de la maloclusión, estudio de prevalencia, clasificación de Angle

Factors associated with dental fluorosis in three zones of Ecuador

To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in 10-12 year-old school children, in three provinces of the inter-andean Region of Ecuador: Imbabura, Pichincha and Chimborazo, as well as the relationship between certain factors, considering that the latest studies go back to the year 2009. A cross-sectional and observational study was proposed. A sample of 599 was calculated at 95% of confidence considering population projections for children between 10 and 12 old of three zones of Ecuador. However, 608 school children, who had the acceptance and informed consent of their parents to participate, completed a survey about factors associated with dental fluorosis. Once the survey was completed, the vestibular surfaces of the upper and lower anterior teeth of the infant were photographed, following standardized distance and light procedures. Three evaluators, trained in the detection of fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, analyzed the photographs. The Stata 13.0 software was used for the statistical analysis, with a level of significance of 5% and with a confidence interval of 95%. To relate the risk factor of fluorosis, a multinomial logistic model was used. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was of 89.96%, with a greater presence of grade 2 TF. A positive statistical relationship and statistical significance was detected between dental fluorosis and consumption of bottled beverages. Also the amount of toothpaste used and its ingestion during brushing (p = 0.000) were analyzed. The populations evaluated, that are related to the consumption of bottled beverages and involuntary toothpaste ingestion, and have a high prevalence of a mild level of fluorosis