Estreptococos beta-hemolítico en tilapias del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivadas en Sullana, Piura - Perú

Objective. This investigation aimed to study the presence of Streptococcus spp. in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from fish farm located in Sullana-Piura, Peru. Materials and methods. 150 fish with clinical signs of streptococcal disease were sampled, and the bacterium isolation was performed on blood agar, correlated to histopathological lesions description and molecular confirmation by real-time PCR. Results. The necropsy revealed exophthalmia, hyphema, congestion and/or haemorrhagic meninges, ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and diffuse haemorrhagic zones throughout the body. 102 isolated positives (54 tilapias) to Streptococcus spp. were identified in the microbiological analysis (prevalence of 26%), the brain was the organ with the highest percentage of this bacteria (34.31%), and 19 isolates were beta-haemolytic (18.63%) with prevalence of 10.12%. Fish beta-haemolytic streptococci presented epicarditis, perisplenitis and chronic meningitis, panophthalmitis, coagulative necrosis of skeletal muscle and granulomas formation. In the confirmatory test by real-time PCR, any positive tilapia to S. iniae was obtained. The results were analysed using a stochastic simulation of beta distribution using @Risk program uncertainty, reporting an average prevalence of 0.66% in sick tilapias. Conclusions. The analysed fishes were positive to bacteria of the genus Streptococcus, which confirms its presence in the fish farm. However, 19 isolates were beta-haemolytic, and the presence of S. iniae was not positive to the limit prevalence of 2.7% in real-time PCR.Objetivo. Esta investigación objetivó estudiar la presencia de Streptococcus spp. en tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) de la piscifactoría localizada en Sullana-Piura, Perú. Materiales y Métodos. 150 peces con signos clínicos de la enfermedad estreptocócica fueron analizados, el aislamiento bacteriano se realizó en agar sangre, en correlación con las lesiones histopatológicas y diagnóstico molecular mediante PCR en tiempo real. Resultados. A la necropsia se observó exoftalmia, hifema, congestión y/o meninges hemorrágicas, ascitis, esplenomegalia, hepatomegalia y zonas hemorrágicas difusas en todo el cuerpo. 102 aislados positivos (54) tilapias para Streptococcus spp. fueron identificados en el análisis microbiológico (prevalencia del 26%), el cerebro fue el órgano con el más alto porcentaje del género de esta bacteria (34.31%), 19 aislados fueron beta-hemolítico (18.63%), con prevalencia de 10.12%. Peces con Streptococcus beta-hemolíticos presentaron epicarditis, perisplenitis y meningitis crónica, panoftalmitis, necrosis coagulativa del músculo esquelético y formación de granulomas. En el análisis de PCR en tiempo real, no se obtuvo ninguna tilapia positiva para S. iniae. Los resultados se analizaron mediante una simulación estocástica de la distribución beta usando el programa de incertidumbre @Risk, reportando una prevalencia media de 0.66% en tilapias enfermas. Conclusiones. Los peces analizados fueron positivos para bacterias del género Streptococcus, lo que confirma su presencia en la piscifactoría. Sin embargo, 19 aislados fueron beta-hemolíticos, y la presencia de S. iniae no fue positiva para la prevalencia límite de 2.7% en PCR en tiempo real

Photobiomodulation reduces the cytokine storm syndrome associated with Covid-19 in the zebrafish model

Although the exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been highlighted as playing a vital role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this sense, alternative treatments are needed to reduce the inflammation caused by COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential effect of red PBM as an attractive therapy to downregulate the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19 from a zebrafish model. RT-PCR analyses and protein-protein interaction prediction among SARS-CoV-2 and Danio rerio proteins showed that rSpike was responsible for generating systemic inflammatory processes with significantly increased pro-inflammatory (il1b, il6, tnfa, and nfkbiab), oxidative stress (romo1) and energy metabolism (slc2a1a, coa1) mRNA markers, with a pattern like those observed in COVID-19 cases in humans. On the other hand, PBM treatment decreased the mRNA levels of these pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared with rSpike in various tissues, promoting an anti-inflammatory response. Conversely, PBM promotes cellular and tissue repair of injured tissues and significantly increases the survival rate of rSpike-inoculated individuals. Additionally, metabolomics analysis showed that the most impacted metabolic pathways between PBM and the rSpike-treated groups were related to steroid metabolism, immune system, and lipids metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that the inflammatory process is an incisive feature of COVID-19, and red PBM can be used as a novel therapeutic agent for COVID-19 by regulating the inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the need for more clinical trials remains, and there is a significant gap to overcome before clinical trials.publishedVersio

The state of health in the European Union (EU-27) in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

Background: The European Union (EU) faces many health-related challenges. Burden of diseases information and the resulting trends over time are essential for health planning. This paper reports estimates of disease burden in the EU and individual 27 EU countries in 2019, and compares them with those in 2010.Methods: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals for the whole EU and each country to evaluate age-standardised death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates for Level 2 causes, as well as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE).Results:In 2019, the age-standardised death and DALY rates in the EU were 465.8 deaths and 20,251.0 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were significant decreases in age-standardised death and YLL rates across EU countries. However, YLD rates remained mainly unchanged. The largest decreases in age-standardised DALY rates were observed for "HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases" and "transport injuries" (each -19%). "Diabetes and kidney diseases" showed a significant increase for age-standardised DALY rates across the EU (3.5%). In addition, "mental disorders" showed an increasing age-standardised YLL rate (14.5%).Conclusions: There was a clear trend towards improvement in the overall health status of the EU but with differences between countries. EU health policymakers need to address the burden of diseases, paying specific attention to causes such as mental disorders. There are many opportunities for mutual learning among otherwise similar countries with different patterns of disease

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Eficácia de diferentes formulações de acaricidas sobre larvas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae)

Parasitism by mites has always been of concern with regard to losses in animal production and to the transmission of etiologic agents of important diseases as well, and about 95% of the developing forms of ticks in the non-parasitic phase are in the environment. In view of the importance of controlling larval stages of ticks in the environment, this study evaluated the efficacy of acaricides in vitro against larvae of Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus and R. sanguineus. Accordingly, we tested: 15% cypermethrin (T1); 25% deltamethrin (T2); combination of cypermethrin 5% + 45% dichlorvos + 25% piperonyl butoxide (T3); combination of 15% cypermethrin + 25% chlorpyrifos + 1% citronella (T4); and 12.5% amitraz (T5). In each treatment, there were nine replicates with 20 larvae each. The larvae were observed for motility at: 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes post-treatment (MPT); 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours post-treatment (HPT); and 5 days post-treatment. Tests in R. (B.) microplus and R. sanguineus larvae with 25% deltamethrin served as a positive control and demonstrated 100% loss of motility at 2 HPT for both tick species. R. (B.) microplus larvae were most sensitive to treatments containing 15% cypermethrin or 5% cypermethrin combined with dichlorvos and piperonyl butoxide. Larvae of R. sanguineus were most sensitive to treatment with 12.5% amitraz. However, despite the differences in acaricidal effect during the observation time, 100% efficacy was obtained for all treatments against larvae of R. sanguineus and R. (B.) microplus at 12 HPT, demonstrating that appropriate doses of commercial acaricides can be effective in environmental control strategies against tick larvae.O parasitismo por ácaros sempre foi objeto de preocupações e perdas relacionadas à produção animal, assim como à transmissibilidade de agentes etiológicos de importantes doenças; e aproximadamente 95% das formas evolutivas dos carrapatos em fase não parasitária encontram-se no ambiente. Com base na importância de se controlar estágios larvares dos ixodídeos no ambiente, este estudo avaliou a eficácia de acaricidas in vitro sobre larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus e Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Foram testadas: Cipermetrina 15% (T1); Deltametrina 25% (T2); associação de Cipermetrina 5% + Diclorvós 45% + Butóxido de piperolina 25% (T3); associação de Cipermetrina 15% + Clorpiriphos 25% + Citronela 1% (T4) e Amitraz 12,5% (T5). Para cada tratamento foram realizadas nove repetições contendo 20 larvas. As observações de motilidade foram realizadas: 1, 5, 10, 20 e 30 minutos após o tratamento (MPT); 1, 2, 6, 12 e 24 h após o tratamento (HPT); 5 dias após o tratamento (DPT). Os testes das larvas de R. (B.) microplus e R. sanguineus com deltametrina 25% serviram de controle positivo e demonstraram perda de motilidade de 100% das larvas com duas HPT para ambas de ixodídeos. O R. (B.) microplus apresentou maior sensibilidade aos desafios contendo a cipermetrina 15% e 5% associada ao diclorvós e butóxido de piperonila. Larvas de R. sanguineus apresentaram maior sensibilidade em menor tempo ao tratamento com amitraz a 12,5%. Contudo, apesar das diferenças no efeito acaricida observadas no decorrer dos tempos, obteve-se eficácia de 100% para todos os compostos inseticidas sobre os instares das duas espécies 12 HPT, demonstrando que, quando utilizados nas doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes, os produtos comerciais podem ser eficazes em estratégias de controle ambiental das larvas

Chronic granulomatous inflammation in teleost fish Piaractus mesopotamicus: histopathology model study

ABSTRACT Objective. This study evaluated the cell kinetic and formation of granuloma during chronic inflammation induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the skeletal muscle of Piaractus mesopotamicus, as a histopathology model to study innate immunity. Materials and methods. Sixty fish were divided in two groups: BCG-inoculated and non-inoculated fish and the inflammatory response analyzed 3, 7, 14, 21 and 33 days post-inoculation (DPI) by histopathology after hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Results. 3 DPI of BCG showed a diffuse inflammatory reaction mostly composed by mononuclear cells. The inflammation continued diffuse 7 DPI initiating the cellular organization surrounding the inoculum and have continued at 14 DPI with discrete presence of epithelioid-like type cells with acidophilic cytoplasm and floppy chromatin. Higher cellular organization (21 DPI) surrounding the granuloma with intense peripheral mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and nevertheless, an increase in the number of fibroblasts and macrophage-like cells was observed. The inflammatory process became less diffuse 33 DPI with formation of small amount of granuloma surrounded by the same type of reaction found in bigger granuloma. Both the young and old granuloma presented typical characteristic around the inoculum composed by a layer of epithelioid-like type cells, besides macrophages, some lymphocytes and abundant fibroblasts. Conclusions. This study showed the feasibility in the use of pacus to study chronic granulomatous inflammatory response induced by BCG, characterized by changes in the kinetics of inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle classifying as immune-epithelioid type, similar to granulomatous inflammation caused by M. marinum in teleost fish.RESUMEN Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó la cinética celular y la formación de granuloma durante la inflamación crónica inducida por el Bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) en el músculo esquelético de Piaractus mesopotamicus, como modelo histopatológico para estudiar la inmunidad innata. Materiales y métodos. Sesenta peces fueron divididos en dos grupos: peces inoculados con BCG y no inoculados y la respuesta inflamatoria analizada en 3, 7, 14, 21 y 33 días post-inóculo (DPI) por medio del análisis histopatológico y tinciones de hematoxilina-eosina y Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados. 3 DPI de BCG se observó reacción inflamatoria difusa principalmente formada por infiltrado celular mononuclear. Al 7° DPI la inflamación continuaba difusa con inicio de organización celular alrededor del inoculo, que se observó hasta el 14° DPI con discreta presencia de células de tipo epiteliodes con citoplasma acidófilo y cromatina laxa. Para el 21° DPI se observó alta organización celular alrededor del granuloma con intenso infiltrado mononuclear periférico e incremento en el número de fibroblastos y macrófagos. El proceso inflamatorio se tornó menos difuso a los 33 DPI con formación de pequeños granulomas contenidos dentro de uno más grande. Los granulomas formados más rápidamente así como los formados tardíamente, presentaron características típicas alrededor del inóculo compuesta por una camada de células tipo epitelioides, macrófagos, linfocitos y fibroblastos. Conclusiones. Este estudio mostró la viabilidad del uso del P. mesopotamicus para estudiar la respuesta inflamatoria crónica granulomatosa inducida con BCG, caracterizado por la evolución de la cinética de células inflamatorias en el músculo esquelético clasificándolo como de tipo inmune-epitelioide, similar a la inflamación granulomatosa causada por M. marinum en peces teleósteos

Clinical safety of dichlorvos (45%), cypermethrin (5%) and piperonyl butoxide (25%) administered by spray on the skin of cattle

Objective. Due to the importance of controlling ectoparasites, associated with the necessity of technical knowledge on the safety of topical treatment with organophosphates, pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide to the animal organism, this bioassay was carried out to evaluate the clinical safety of the association of dichlorvos (45%) + cypermethrin (5%) + piperonyl butoxide (25%) administered by spray on the skin of cattle, through the study of clinical parameters, biochemical, haematological and behavioral changes. Materials and methods. Sixteen crossbred animals with a mean age of 18 months, males and females grouped into two treatments with eight animals each: T1 (1:800 v/v) and T2 (1:200 v/v). Were collected blood samples at six different times: before treatment (BT), 24, 48, 72, 96 and 192 hours post treatment (HPT). Results. The antiparasitic association administered by spray on the skin did not result in changes in the enzymatic activity of ALT, AST, GGT and ALP, as well as in serum albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea and creatinine, demonstrating the safety of this antiparasitic compound for maintaining hepatic and renal functionality. The erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelet studies showed no changes caused by treatments, and no clinical signs and behavioral changes were observed after treatment. Conclusions. These findings demonstrated good safety margin for spray treatment on the skin with this antiparasitic compound, even when administered at a dilution of 1:200 v/v, which is four times the dose recommended for ectoparasite control.Objetivo. Debido a la importancia del control de ectoparásitos en bovinos, asociado a la necesidad de conocimientos técnicos sobre la seguridad del tratamiento tópico con organofosforados, piretroides y butóxido de piperonilo, se realizó este bioensayo para la evaluación de la seguridad clínica de la asociación de diclorvos (45%) + cipermetrina (5%) + butóxido de piperonilo (25%), administrado por aspersión en la piel del ganado bovino, a través del estudio de los parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos, hematológicos y comportamentales. Materiales y métodos. Dieciséis animales entre machos y hembras cruzados con edad media de 18 meses, agrupados en dos tratamientos de ocho animales cada uno: T1 (1:800 v/v) y T2 (1:200 v/v). Fueron colectadas muestras de sangre en seis momentos diferentes: antes del tratamiento (BT), 24, 48, 72, 96 y 192 horas post tratamiento (HPT). Resultados. La asociación antiparasitaria administrada por aspersión en la piel no alteró la actividad enzimática de ALT, AST, GGT y FA, así como la albúmina, triglicéridos, colesterol, urea y creatinina, que demuestra la seguridad de este compuesto antiparasitario en la función renal y hepática. El análisis de eritrocitos, leucocitos y plaquetas no mostraron cambios en los tratamientos, tampoco fueron observados signos clínicos y de comportamiento post tratamiento. Conclusiones. Estos resultados demostraron buen margen de seguridad en el tratamiento por aspersión en la piel con este compuesto antiparasitario, incluso cuando se administra en una dilución de 1:200 v/v, que es cuatro veces la dosis recomendada para el control de ectoparásitos