Le mensonge en histoire

Le Livre jaune français rassemblait les documents diplomatiques de la crise de juillet 1914. Il fut publié en décembre 1914. Il contenait en particulier un faux manifeste, l’annonce que la mobilisation générale autrichienne avait précédé la mobilisation générale russe. Au moment où il fut publié, cela n’eut évidemment pas grande influence sur le cours de la guerre, mais il fut utilisé au moment de l’établissement du traité de Versailles pour prouver la responsabilité allemande dans le déclenchement de la guerre, puisque l’Autriche-Hongrie n’avait pu agir sans l’assentiment allemand. Dix ans plus tard, la protestation contre cette affirmation de la responsabilité allemande fut un argument puissant de la propagande nazie

Les conséquences des traités de paix

Le traité de Versailles et les traités de la « banlieue parisienne », qui ont mis fin à la Grande Guerre, ont profondément bouleversé l’Europe et le Moyen-Orient. Les quatre Empires qui existaient, l’Empire allemand, l’Empire austro-hongrois, l’Empire russe et l’Empire ottoman ont disparu.  Mais alors que l’Empire austro-hongrois cédait la place à une série de petits États affaiblis par leur hétérogénéité et que la nouvelle Turquie avait perdu tous ses territoires arabes, l’Allemagne et la Russie, même affaiblies maintenaient leur existence. Malgré la création de la Société des Nations, voulue par le président des États-Unis, la profonde humiliation de l’Allemagne sans que sa puissance soit réellement entamée, et dans une certaine mesure  la volonté de la Russie soviétique d’étendre le socialisme au reste du monde,  étaient des signes parmi d’autres de la fragilité de la paix, même s’il n’était probablement pas possible de faire autrement.Consequences of the treaties of peace.The Treaty of Versailles and the treaties of the “Parisian suburbs”, which ended the Great War, greatly upset Europe and the Middle East. The four empires that existed, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire disappeared. But while the Austro-Hungarian Empire gave way to a series of small states weakened by their heterogeneity, and the new Turkey lost all its Arab territories, Germany and Russia, though weakened, maintained their existence. Despite the creation of the League of Nations, wanted by the U.S. President, the deep humiliation of Germany without its power being actually harmed, and to some extent Russia's willingness to spread Soviet socialism to the rest of the world, were among other signs of the fragility of the peace, even though it probably was not possible to do otherwise

L’évolution de l’historiographie de la Première Guerre mondiale

L’historiographie de la Grande Guerre n’a cessé d’évoluer. À l’origine, elle s’intéressait essentiellement à la question des responsabilités et à l’étude des opérations militaires. À notre époque, elle a replacé l’homme au centre de cette histoire et a privilégié les représentations à travers la culture de guerre. Dans cet article, l’auteur a opté pour trois approches. Le passage d’une histoire où les origines de la guerre étaient vues essentiellement sous l’angle des responsabilités à une histoire où on essaie de mettre en évidence les mentalités des peuples et le poids des sentiments nationaux, le passage d’une histoire militaire concentrée sur les opérations, mais où apparaissaient peu les combattants, à une histoire où les combattants, les morts, les blessés, les fronts et les arrières sont au centre de l’étude, cette place des hommes se traduisant ensuite par l’importance des commémorations, le passage enfin d’une vision  traditionnelle de la guerre à un type nouveau, la guerre industrielle qui rend en partie obsolète l’ancienne opposition entre guerre de mouvement et guerre de tranchée.The evolution of the historiography of the First World War. The historiography of the 1914-1918 war has been a story of continual evolution. At the outset, in the 1920’s, writers were interested chiefly in the question of the responsibilities for the war’s outbreak and in the conduct of military operations. In our own time, some scholars have shifted people off the centre stage of the war’s history and have, instead, privileged questions of representation, viewed through the prism of wartime culture. In this article, three approaches receive priority. The first is the transition from a history in which the war’s origins were mostly considered from the angle of ‘responsibility’ to a history attempting to uncover popular mentalities and demonstrate the weight of national sentiments. The second is the shift from a military history centred on operational aspects, but in which ordinary soldiers made very few appearances, to a history where the fighting troops and their lived experiences, the dead, the wounded, the front line but also the rear areas and the ‘Home Front’, are at the heart of the story. The third approach also keeps human beings at the centre of the agenda. It renders obsolete, at least in part, the old distinction between wars of movement and positional or trench warfare by reflecting the change from a traditional vision of war to a new type, industrialised war, setting the scholarly focus on the importance of the ways the war was remembered and commemorated

An integrated platform for hip joint osteoarthritis analysis: design, implementation and results

Purpose: We present a software designed to improve hip joint osteoarthritis (OA) understanding using 3D anatomical models, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and motion capture. Methods: In addition to a standard static clinical evaluation (anamnesis, medical images examination), the software provides a dynamic assessment of the hip joint. The operator can compute automatically and in real-time the hip joint kinematics from optical motion capture data. From the estimated motion, the software allows for the calculation of the active range of motion, the congruency and the center of rotation of the hip joint and the detection and localization of the femoroacetabular impingement region. All these measurements cannot be performed clinically. Moreover, to improve the subjective reading of medical images, the software provides a set of 3D measurement tools based on MRI and 3D anatomical models to assist and improve the analysis of hip morphological abnormalities. Finally, the software is driven by a medical ontology to support data storage, processing and analysis. Results: We performed an in vivo assessment of the software in a clinical study conducted with 30 professional ballet dancers, a population who are at high risk of developing OA. We studied the causes of OA in this selected population. Our results show that extreme motion exposes the morphologically "normal” dancer's hip to recurrent superior or posterosuperior FAI and to joint subluxation. Conclusion: Our new hip software includes all the required materials and knowledge (images data, 3D models, motion, morphological measurements, etc.) to improve orthopedists' performances in hip joint OA analysi

Differential Kinetics of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus Phagocytosis

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge Fraser P. Coxon and Ian Ganley for providing LC3-GFP-mCherry BMDMs. M.S.G. was supported by an FEMS research grant and F.L.v.d.V. was supported by ZonMW under the name EURO-CMC frame of E-Rare-2, the ERA-Net for Research on Rare Diseases.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Variations in the anatomical dimensions of the mandibular ramus and the presence of third molars : its effect on the sagittal split ramus osteotomy

The authors undertook a prospective study to evaluate the influence that the anatomical dimensions of the ramus of the mandible and the presence of lower third molar teeth may have on the sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The anatomical dimensions measured included the width of the anterior mandibular ramus, the height of the corpus posterior to the second mandibular molar and the antero-posterior anatomical position of the lingual. The influence that these dimensions of the mandible may have on the successful splitting of the mandibular ramus wasThe effect that the presence of wisdom teeth had on the difficulty of the procedure was also investigated. This study found that, unlike the presence of third molars, there was no single anatomical measurement that contributed to the level of difficulty of the sagittal split osteotomy. For descriptive purposes the authors proposes a classification of the four typical patterns of unfavourable splits.http://www.sciencedirect.comhb201

Extreme hip motion in professional ballet dancers: dynamic and morphological evaluation based on magnetic resonance imaging

Objective: To determine the prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) of the cam or pincer type based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a group of adult female professional ballet dancers, and to quantify, in vivo, the range of motion (ROM) and congruence of the hip joint in the splits position. Materials and methods: Institutional review board approval and informed consent from each volunteer were obtained. Thirty symptomatic or asymptomatic adult female professional ballet dancers (59 hips) and 14 asymptomatic non-dancer adult women (28 hips, control group) were included in the present study. All subjects underwent MRI in the supine position, while, for the dancers, additional images were acquired in the splits position. Labral abnormalities, cartilage lesions, and osseous abnormalities of the acetabular rim were assessed at six positions around the acetabulum. A morphological analysis, consisting of the measurement of the α angle, acetabular depth, and acetabular version, was performed. For the dancers, ROM and congruency of the hip joint in the splits position were measured. Results: Acetabular cartilage lesions greater than 5mm were significantly more frequent in dancer's hips than in control hips (28.8 vs 7.1%, p = 0.026), and were mostly present at the superior position in dancers. Distribution of labral lesions between the dancers and the control group showed substantially more pronounced labral lesions at the superior, posterosuperior, and anterosuperior positions in dancers (54 lesions in 28 dancer's hips vs 10 lesions in 8 control hips). Herniation pits were found significantly more often (p = 0.002) in dancer's hips (n = 31, 52.5%), 25 of them being located in a superior position. A cam-type morphology was found for one dancer and a retroverted hip was noted for one control. Femoroacetabular subluxations were observed in the splits position (mean: 2.05mm). Conclusion: The prevalence of typical FAI of the cam or pincer type was low in this selected population of professional ballet dancers. The lesions' distribution, mostly superior, could be explained by a "pincer-like” mechanism of impingement with subluxation in relation to extreme movements performed by the dancers during their daily activitie

Positivity constraints for lepton polarization in neutrino deep inelastic scattering

We consider the spin polarization of leptons produced in neutrino and antineutrino nucleon deep inelastic scattering, via charged currents, and we study the positivity constraints on the spin components in a model independent way. These results are very important, in particular in the case of $\tau^{\pm}$ leptons, because the polarization information is crucial in all future neutrino oscillation experiments.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Genes that determine immunology and inflammation modify the basic defect of impaired ion conductance in cystic fibrosis epithelia

BACKGROUND: The cystic fibrosis (CF) basic defect, caused by dysfunction of the apical chloride channel CFTR in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract epithelia, has not been employed so far to support the role of CF modifier genes. METHODS: Patients were selected from 101 families with a total of 171 F508del-CFTR homozygous CF patients to identify CF modifying genes. A candidate gene based association study of 52 genes on 16 different chromosomes with a total of 182 genetic markers was performed. Differences in haplotype and/or diplotype distribution between case and reference CF subpopulations were analysed. RESULTS: Variants at immunologically relevant genes were associated with the manifestation of the CF basic defect (0.01<Praw<0.0001 at IL1B, TLR9, TNFalpha, CD95, STAT3 and TNFR). The intragenic background of F508del-CFTR chromosomes determined disease severity and manifestation of the basic defect (Praw=0.0009). Allele distributions comparing transmitted and non-transmitted alleles were distorted at several loci unlinked to CFTR. CONCLUSIONS: The inherited capabilities of the innate and adaptive immune system determine the manifestation of the CF basic defect. Variants on F508del-CFTR chromosomes contribute to the observed patient-to-patient variability among F508del-CFTR homozygotes. A survivor effect, manifesting as a transmission disequilibrium at many loci, is consistent with the improvement of clinical care over the last decades, resulting in a depletion of risk alleles at modifier genes. Awareness of non-genetic factors such as improvement of patient care over time is crucial for the interpretation of CF modifier studies

Inferring FDG-PET-positivity of lymph node metastases in proven lung cancer from contrast-enhanced CT using radiomics and machine learning

Background: We evaluated the role of radiomics applied to contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in the detection of lymph node (LN) metastases in patients with known lung cancer compared to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/CT as a reference. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 381 patients with 1,799 lymph nodes (450 malignant, 1,349 negative). The data set was divided into a training and validation set. A radiomics analysis with 4 filters and 6 algorithms resulting in 24 different radiomics signatures and a bootstrap algorithm (Bagging) with 30 bootstrap iterations was performed. A decision curve analysis was applied to generate a net benefit to compare the radiomics signature to two expert radiologists as one-by-one and as a prescreening tool in combination with the respective radiologist and only the radiologists. Results: All 24 modeling methods showed good and reliable discrimination for malignant/benign LNs (area under the curve 0.75-0.87). The decision curve analysis showed a net benefit for the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) classifier for the entire probability range and outperformed the expert radiologists except for the high probability range. Using the radiomics signature as a prescreening tool for the radiologists did not improve net benefit. Conclusions: Radiomics showed good discrimination power irrespective of the modeling technique in detecting LN metastases in patients with known lung cancer. The LASSO classifier was a suitable diagnostic tool and even outperformed the expert radiologists, except for high probabilities. Radiomics failed to improve clinical benefit as a prescreening tool