Identifying marine key biodiversity areas using tracking data

Thesis presented in fulfilment of the degree of PhD in Behavioural Biology presented at ISPA - Instituto Universitário in the year of 2022.O impacto humano no ambiente marinho é substancial e crescente, causando uma preocupação pelo futuro de várias espécies marinhas. É necessário um leque de medidas para reduzir os impactos negativos, incluindo a implementação de áreas protegidas e a regulação das actividades humanas no mar. No entanto, para que os esforços sejam eficazes, precisamos de uma melhor compreensão da ecologia da biodiversidade marinha. O seguimento com recurso a dispositivos electrónicos revolucionou o estudo do comportamento e da ecologia dos animais marinhos, melhorando a capacidade de conservar os seus habitats. O foco central desta tese é a aplicação do seguimento de animais à ecologia e à conservação marinha. Apresentamos uma revisão bibliográfica, uma ferramenta de software, e análises espaciais para ilustrar as formas como os dados de seguimento têm e podem ser utilizados em estudos de conservação de espécies marinhas. Para demonstrar como o seguimento de animais contribuiu na progressão do conhecimento sobre o comportamento e a ecologia das espécies marinhas, apresentamos exemplos da literatura relativos a avanços na compreensão da migração, da procura de alimento e seleção de habitat, e da navegação em megafauna marinha, desde aves marinhas a cetáceos. Desenvolvemos uma ferramenta de software acessível, "track2KBA", na linguagem de programação R, que facilita a análise de dados de seguimento para identificar locais importantes para a conservação. Ilustrámos os passos de análise do software e fornecemos exemplos de como a ferramenta pode ser útil para analisar dados de seguimento de uma grande variedade de espécies, tanto no ambiente marinho como terrestre. Analisámos dados GPS de 23 espécies de aves marinhas para avaliar a importância do seguimento de populações ao longo dos anos com o objetivo de identificar sítios de importância para essas espécies. Descobrimos que, quando um número suficiente de indivíduos é seguido, a amostra de dados recolhidos num único ano fornece frequentemente estimativas robustas da distribuição das populações. Ao analisar os movimentos de 40 tartarugas-verdes fêmeas (Chelonia mydas) de uma população (importante ao nível global) na Guiné-Bissau, África Ocidental, avaliámos a qualidade de uma rede regional de áreas marinhas protegidas para a conservação de tartarugas ao longo das estações,em vários países. Verificámos que as tartarugas são espacialmente bem protegidas entre eventos de desova, menos protegidas durante a migração, e que a protecção dos locais de alimentação dependia do país para onde migravam. Analisámos dados de seguimento de 39 espécies de albatrozes e espécies semelhantes (cagarras e pardelas) para quantificar, pela primeira vez, as áreas sob diferentes jurisdições, e a ligação entre elas, de que dependem estas aves marinhas severamente ameaçadas. Verificámos que estas aves passam 39% do seu tempo em áreas do alto-mar para além de jurisdições nacionais, e que através dos seus movimentos elas unem as jurisdições de numerosos países em todo o mundo, indicando a necessidade de uma cooperação internacional para que a sua conservação seja eficaz. As análises de dados de seguimento de espécies individuais e de grupos de espécies apresentadas nesta tese representam aplicações inovadoras à escala local, regional e global. Este trabalho contribui directamente para a identificação de locais importantes para a biodiversidade, tais como as “marine Key Biodiverisity Areas”, e para o desenvolvimento de colaborações internacionais para a conservação da biodiversidade marinha tanto em águas nacionais como em alto mar.The human footprint on the ocean environment is substantial and growing, causing widespread concern for the future of numerous marine species. Different measures are needed to reduce negative impacts, from establishing protected areas to regulating human activities at sea. For such efforts to be effective however, a sound understanding of the underlying ecology of marine biodiversity is needed. The tracking of animals using electronic devices has revolutionized our understanding of the behavior and ecology of marine animals and thereby improved our ability to effectively conserve them and their habitats. The central focus of this thesis is the application of animal tracking to marine ecology and conservation. Herein, we present a literature review, a software tool, and data analyses to illustrate ways in which tracking data have and can be used to inform the study and conservation of marine wildlife. To demonstrate how animal tracking has helped advance our knowledge of the behavior and ecology of marine species, we present examples from the literature regarding the study of migration, foraging and habitat use, and navigation in marine megafauna, from seabirds to cetaceans. We developed an accessible software tool, “track2KBA”, in the programming language R, which facilitates analyzing tracking data to identify important sites for conservation. We illustrate the package workflow, and provide examples of how the tool can be useful for analyzing tracking data from a wide variety of species and contexts, both in the marine and terrestrial realm. We analyzed GPS tracking data from 23 species of seabirds to assess the relevance of tracking populations across years when identifying sites of importance. We found that, when enough individuals are tracked, tracking datasets collected in a single year often provide robust pictures of population distributions. By analyzing the tracks of 40 female Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) from a globally important nesting population in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, we quantified how well a regional marine protected area network covers the turtles across seasons and countries. We found that turtles are spatially well-protected during the interesting period, less so during migration, and that protected area coverage at post-nesting foraging sites depended on the country turtles migrated to. We analyzed tracking data from 39 species of albatrosses and large petrels to quantify, for the first time, the political areas and links between jurisdictions that these highly threatened seabirds depend on. We found that these birds spend 39% of their time in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and connect the jurisdictions of numerous countries around the world, necessitating international cooperation for their effective conservation. The analyses of tracking data presented in this thesis represent novel applications at local, regional and global scales, concerning single species and groups of species. This work contributes directly to the identification of important sites for biodiversity, such as marine Key Biodiversity Areas, and to the development of international collaborations to conserve marine biodiversity in national waters and beyond.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 766417. This communication reflects only the authors' views, and the Research Executive Agency of the European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains

Contrasting local and long-range-transported warm ice-nucleating particles during an atmospheric river in coastal California, USA

Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have been found to influence the amount, phase and efficiency of precipitation from winter storms, including atmospheric rivers.Warm INPs, those that initiate freezing at temperatures warmer than -10°C, are thought to be particularly impactful because they can create primary ice in mixed-phase clouds, enhancing precipitation efficiency. The dominant sources of warm INPs during atmospheric rivers, the role of meteorology in modulating transport and injection of warm INPs into atmospheric river clouds, and the impact of warm INPs on mixed-phase cloud properties are not well-understood. In this case study, time-resolved precipitation samples were collected during an atmospheric river in northern California, USA, during winter 2016. Precipitation samples were collected at two sites, one coastal and one inland, which are separated by about 35 km. The sites are sufficiently close that air mass sources during this storm were almost identical, but the inland site was exposed to terrestrial sources of warm INPs while the coastal site was not. Warm INPs were more numerous in precipitation at the inland site by an order of magnitude. Using FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) dispersion modeling and radar-derived cloud vertical structure, we detected influence from terrestrial INP sources at the inland site but did not find clear evidence of marine warm INPs at either site.We episodically detected warm INPs from long-range-transported sources at both sites. By extending the FLEXPART modeling using a meteorological reanalysis, we demonstrate that long-range-transported warm INPs were observed only when the upper tropospheric jet provided transport to cloud tops. Using radar-derived hydrometeor classifications, we demonstrate that hydrometeors over the terrestrially influenced inland site were more likely to be in the ice phase for cloud temperatures between 0 and -10°C. We thus conclude that terrestrial and long-rangetransported aerosol were important sources of warm INPs during this atmospheric river. Meteorological details such as transport mechanism and cloud structure were important in determining (i) warm INP source and injection temperature and (ii) ultimately the impact of warm INPs on mixed-phase cloud properties

Guiding the Future of the Supply Chain with Succession Planning

Some supply chain leaders in the transportation sector lack the succession planning strategies needed to fill leadership positions. The failure to create succession planning strategies will negatively impact an organization’s supply chain through tacit knowledge loss. Grounded in the social exchange theory, the purpose of this qualitative exploratory single-case study was to explore the succession planning strategies transportation industry supply chain business leaders use to fill organizational leadership positions to reduce tacit knowledge loss. The participants consisted of 6 supply chain leaders working in the Northeastern region of the United States who successfully utilize succession planning strategies to fill leadership positions and retain tacit knowledge. Data were obtained utilizing semistructured face-to-face interviews, interview notes, as well as internal company documents. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the information. Three themes emerged: address the potential loss of tacit knowledge, leaders tend to do more with fewer people, and succession planning. A key recommendation is expanded implementation of staged retirement plans and using independent contractors. The implication for positive social change includes the overall enhancement of employee lifestyles via increased social and economic standing within their workplace and the community

Habitat selection and foraging site fidelity in Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) breeding in the Baltic Sea

Habitat preferences and foraging strategies affect population-level space use and are therefore crucial to understanding population change and implementing spatial conservation and management actions. We investigated the breeding season habitat preference and foraging site fidelity of the under-studied and threatened, Baltic Sea population of Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia). Using GPS devices, we tracked 20 adult individuals at two breeding colonies, in Sweden and Finland, from late incubation through chick-rearing. Analyzing foraging movements during this period, we describe trip characteristics for each colony, daily metrics of effort, habitat use, and foraging site fidelity. We found that daily time spent away from the colony increased throughout the season, with colony-level differences in terms of distance travelled per day. In general, terns selected shallow waters between 0-5 meters in depth with certain individuals using inland lakes for foraging. We show, for the first time, that individual Caspian Terns are faithful to foraging sites throughout the breeding season, and that individuals are highly repeatable in their strategies regarding foraging site fidelity. These results fill important knowledge gaps for this at-risk population, and extend our general knowledge of the breeding season foraging ecology of this widespread species.Peer reviewe

Habitat selection and foraging site fidelity in Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) breeding in the Baltic Sea

Habitat preferences and foraging strategies affect population-level space use and are therefore crucial to understanding population change and implementing spatial conservation and management actions. We investigated the breeding season habitat preference and foraging site fidelity of the under-studied and threatened, Baltic Sea population of Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia). Using GPS devices, we tracked 20 adult individuals at two breeding colonies, in Sweden and Finland, from late incubation through chick-rearing. Analyzing foraging movements during this period, we describe trip characteristics for each colony, daily metrics of effort, habitat use, and foraging site fidelity. We found that daily time spent away from the colony increased throughout the season, with colony-level differences in terms of distance travelled per day. In general, terns selected shallow waters between 0-5 meters in depth with certain individuals using inland lakes for foraging. We show, for the first time, that individual Caspian Terns are faithful to foraging sites throughout the breeding season, and that individuals are highly repeatable in their strategies regarding foraging site fidelity. These results fill important knowledge gaps for this at-risk population, and extend our general knowledge of the breeding season foraging ecology of this widespread species.Peer reviewe

Modeling of Large Pharmacokinetic Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects: A Paradigm Shift in Veterinary Pharmacology. A Case Study With Robenacoxib in Cats

The objective of this study was to model the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of robenacoxib in cats using a nonlinear mixed‐effects (NLME) approach, leveraging all available information collected from cats receiving robenacoxib s.c. and/or i.v.: 47 densely sampled laboratory cats and 36 clinical cats sparsely sampled preoperatively. Data from both routes were modeled sequentially using Monolix 4.3.2. Influence of parameter correlations and available covariates (age, gender, bodyweight, and anesthesia) on population parameter estimates were evaluated by using multiple samples from the posterior distribution of the random effects. A bicompartmental disposition model with simultaneous zero and first‐order absorption best described robenacoxib PKs in blood. Clearance was 0.502 L/kg/h and the bioavailability was high (78%). The absorption constant point estimate (Ka = 0.68 h−1) was lower than beta (median, 1.08 h−1), unveiling flip‐flop kinetics. No dosing adjustment based on available covariates information is advocated. This modeling work constitutes the first application of NLME in a large feline population

Timing rather than movement decisions explains age-related differences in wind support for a migratory bird

Migratory birds must make complex decisions to use wind to their advantage during flight and increasing flight performance is particularly important while crossing ecological barriers. Age-related differences in how birds deal with wind have suggested experience improves necessary skills in gaining positive wind support. However, differences in wind support between age groups over ecological barriers have rarely been tested, and our understanding of how birds acquire related skills is lacking. We compared wind support achieved by adult and subadult Caspian terns, Hydroprogne caspia, during southward and northward crossings of the Sahara Desert by quantifying air-to-groundspeed ratios (AGR). We also tested possible underlying causes of lower subadult wind support in comparison to adults by calculating optimal AGR altitudes and fitting step selection functions in response to wind direction and speed. We found no difference between age groups in autumn, when young were flying with adults, but subadults had lower wind support during their first solo northward crossings. Adults departed northwards from wintering areas earlier in the year and encountered more favourable wind conditions than subadults, yet both age groups made similar movement decisions in relation to wind. Consequently, differences in performance are better explained by timing of passage rather than movement skills. Our findings highlight the influence of wind seasonality over the Sahara on migratory behaviour and raise questions about the evolution and ontogeny of migratory timing in relation to wind patterns and other factors that may determine departure decisions.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/lice nses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Testing traditions in cycling: newspapers are effective thermal insulators during simulated downhill cycling

BACKGROUND: Cycling downhill accelerates heat loss and requires lower work rates leading to cold discomfort. Historically, cyclists have behaviorally thermoregulated prior to cycling downhill by inserting newspapers into their jerseys. Yet, there is no experimental data to support such a method showing improvements in thermal perception and profile; we hypothesized it would. METHODS: Two cohorts (n=8 each) of male participants completed two main trials each involving 30-minutes simulated uphill cycling (65% VO2peak 188 (41)W; no fan) followed by 15-minutes downhill cycling (35% VO2peak 41 (12)W) in front of an industrial fan (wind speed: 4.6 (0.1)m·s-1). In one trial participants inserted one (study 1) or two (study 2) tabloid newspapers into their jerseys (PAPER) prior to downhill cycling; the other was a control (NOPAPER). Whole body and torso thermal sensation (TS) and comfort (TC), aural temperature (Tau), skin temperature (Tskin), and newspaper mass change (Δ) were measured. Data were compared using ANOVA and t-test to 0.05 alpha level. RESULTS: After uphill cycling thermal and perceptual profiles were similar. In study 1, only TC was transiently improved 1-minute after newspaper insertion. In study 2, Tskin rate of decline was lower in the PAPER condition (−0.11 (0.12)ºC.min-1 cf −0.53 (0.16)ºC.min-1; p = .001) and Tchest remained higher (28.83 (3.17)ºC cf 24.39 (3.22)ºC). This improved TS but not TC. Newspaper mass increased indicating impaired sweat evaporation (Δmass: 5.7 (4.9)g; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Thermal perception and profile during downhill cycling was improved by inserting two newspapers but not one newspaper into the jersey, supporting our hypothesis

A novel combination of methods identifies priority conservation areas for an endemic California Current seabird

There are growing pressures on marine biodiversity. Seabirds in particular are one the most-threatened groups. The black-vented shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) is endemic to Mexican islands and the only shearwater living its entire life cycle in the California Current System, one of the most productive large marine ecosystems in the world. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in this region, however, were designed without consideration of accurate data on seabird distributions. Here, 57 black-vented shearwaters were GPS-tracked from their main breeding colony (95% of the global population) over four seasons (2016–2019) to estimate their at-sea distribution. Two methods were applied to identify priority conservation areas: the approach developed by BirdLife International to identify marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas and a method using expectation-maximization binary clustering to identify core foraging areas. One potential marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Area close to the breeding colony and five core foraging areas were identified. These priority conservation areas were largely beyond the bounds of the current MPA network in the region. Our results detail opportunities for improving the implementation of conservation and management measures in the California Current System region with respect to seabirds. The approach of combining site identification methods can be applied to other seabird species for which high-resolution tracking data are available and can help guide conservation action plans and MPA design.info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio