An easy and practical prognostic parameter: tumor-stroma ratio in Luminal, Her2, and triple-negative breast cancers

OBJECTIVE: The stroma surrounding the tumor cells is important in tumor progression and treatment resistance, besides the properties of tumor cells. Studies on the tumor stroma characteristics will contribute to the knowledge for new treatment approaches. METHODS: A total of 363 breast cancer patients were evaluated for the tumor-stroma ratio. The percentage of stroma was visually assessed on hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. The cases of tumor-stroma ratio more than 50% were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio high, and those less than 50% and below were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio low. RESULTS: Tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors had shorter overall survival (p=0.002). Disease-free survival tended to be shorter in tumor-stroma ratiohigh tumors (p=0.082) compared with tumor-stroma ratio-low tumors. Tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter for the total group of patients (p=0.003) and also axillary lymph node metastasis and tumor-stroma ratio was statistically associated (p=0.004). Also, tumor- stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter in node-positive Luminal A and B subgroups for overall survival (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor-stroma ratio is an independent prognostic parameter that can be evaluated quite easily in all molecular subtypes of all breast cancers and does not require extra cost and time to evaluate

Vascular mechanism of axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves in hemiplegic sides after cerebral hemorrhage: An experimental study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Though retrograde neuronal death and vascular insufficiency have been well established in plegics following intracerebral hemorrhage, the effects of plegia on arterial nervorums of peripheral nerves have not been reported. In this study, the histopathological effects of the intracerebral hemorrhage on the dorsal root ganglions and sciatic nerves via affecting the arterial nervorums were investigated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study was conducted on 13 male hybrid rabbits. Three animals were taken as control group and did not undergo surgery. The remaining 10 subjects were anesthetized and were injected with 0.50 ml of autologous blood into their right sensory-motor region. All rabbits were followed-up for two months and then sacrificed. Endothelial cell numbers and volume values were estimated a three dimensionally created standardized arterial nervorums model of lumbar 3. Neuron numbers of dorsal root ganglions, and axon numbers in the lumbar 3 nerve root and volume values of arterial nervorums were examined histopathologically. The results were analyzed by using a Mann-Whitney-U test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Left hemiplegia developed in 8 animals. On the hemiplegic side, degenerative vascular changes and volume reduction in the arterial nervorums of the sciatic nerves, neuronal injury in the dorsal root ganglions, and axonal injury in the lumbar 3 were detected. Statistical analyses showed a significant correlation between the normal or nonplegic sides and plegic sides in terms of the neurodegeneration in the dorsal root ganglions (p < 0.005), axonal degeneration in the lumbar 3 nerve roots (p < 0.005), endothelial cell degeneration in the arterial nervorums (p < 0.001), and volume reduction in the arterial nervorums (p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Intracerebral hemorrhage resulted in neurodegeneration in the dorsal root ganglion and axonolysis in the sciatic nerves, endothelial injury, and volume reduction of the arterial nervorums in the sciatic nerves. The interruption of the neural network connection in the walls of the arterial nervorums in the sciatic nerves may be responsible for circulation disorders of the arterial nervorums, and arterial nervorums degeneration could result in sciatic nerves injury.</p

Antiproliferative Activity of Some Medicinal Plants on Human Breast and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines and their Phenolic Contents

Purpose: To determine the phenolic composition and antiproliferative activity of 16 different extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water) obtained from Bellis perennis, Convolvulus galaticus, Trifolium pannonicum and Lysimachia vulgaris on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell lines.Methods: The aerial parts of the plants were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water using a Soxhlet apparatus. The phenolic content of the plants were determined by plants by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while their antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole (MTT) assay.Results: Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract of B. perennis showed the best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cell line with IC50 (inhibiting 50 % of cell growth) value of 71.6 μg/mL. Furthermore, the dichloromethane extract of C. galaticus showed the best anti-proliferative activity against HepG2/C3A cell line with IC50 of 57.3 μg/mL. The HPLC data for the plant extracts showed the presence of the following phenolic compounds: gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, luteolin-7-O-β-D glucoside, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and apigenin.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that there is some justification for the use of B. perennis and C. galaticus as traditional anticancer medicinal herbs.Keywords: Bellis perennis, Convolvulus galaticus, Trifolium pannonicum subsp. elongatum, Lysimachia vulgaris, MCF-7, HepG2/C3A, Phenolics, Breast cancer, Antiproliferativ

Effects of Cornus mas L. and Morus rubra L. extracts on penicillin‑induced epileptiform activity: an electrophysiological and biochemical study

Traditionally, Morus rubra L. (Moraceae) (red mulberry) and Cornus mas L. (Cornacea) (cornelian cherry) fruits are eaten fresh and are also used in marmalades, juices, jam, natural dyes in Turkey and are believed to have beneficial effects in case of multiple health issues such as antipyretic, diarrhea and intestinal parasites. However, the effects of M. rubra and C. mas on epilepsy has not been known. This study evaluates the effects of M. rubra and C. mas extracts on penicillin‑induced epileptiform activity. Sixty Wistar rats randomly divided into ten groups (n=6): control, sham, penicillin, penicillin+M. rubra extract (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and penicillin+C. mas extract (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg). Epileptiform activity was induced by using penicillin (500 IU, i.c.) and electrocorticogram records (150 min) were obtained. Also, biochemical analysis in blood samples were evaluated. According to the electrocorticogram analysis, the effective dose was detected as 10 mg/kg for both C. mas and M. rubra. This dose decreased the spike frequencies of convulsions while amplitude wasn't changed by both substances. In erythrocyte studies, there were significant differences regarding nitric oxide in the control, sham and penicillin groups. There were significant differences regarding malondialdehyde in all groups. In the plasma, there were significant differences among groups regarding xanthine oxidase in the penicillin‑C. mas and penicillin‑M. rubra groups. There were differences regarding malondialdehyde in the penicillin‑C. mas and M. rubra‑C. mas groups. Both extracts reduced the frequency of epileptiform activity. After administration of the extracts malondialdehyde levels decreased also in both erythrocytes and plasma

Effects of Cornus mas L. and Morus rubra L. extracts on penicillin‑induced epileptiform activity: an electrophysiological and biochemical study

Traditionally, Morus rubra L. (Moraceae) (red mulberry) and Cornus mas L. (Cornacea) (cornelian cherry) fruits are eaten fresh and are also used in marmalades, juices, jam, natural dyes in Turkey and are believed to have beneficial effects in case of multiple health issues such as antipyretic, diarrhea and intestinal parasites. However, the effects of M. rubra and C. mas on epilepsy has not been known. This study evaluates the effects of M. rubra and C. mas extracts on penicillin‑induced epileptiform activity. Sixty Wistar rats randomly divided into ten groups (n=6): control, sham, penicillin, penicillin+M. rubra extract (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and penicillin+C. mas extract (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg). Epileptiform activity was induced by using penicillin (500 IU, i.c.) and electrocorticogram records (150 min) were obtained. Also, biochemical analysis in blood samples were evaluated. According to the electrocorticogram analysis, the effective dose was detected as 10 mg/kg for both C. mas and M. rubra. This dose decreased the spike frequencies of convulsions while amplitude wasn't changed by both substances. In erythrocyte studies, there were significant differences regarding nitric oxide in the control, sham and penicillin groups. There were significant differences regarding malondialdehyde in all groups. In the plasma, there were significant differences among groups regarding xanthine oxidase in the penicillin‑C. mas and penicillin‑M. rubra groups. There were differences regarding malondialdehyde in the penicillin‑C. mas and M. rubra‑C. mas groups. Both extracts reduced the frequency of epileptiform activity. After administration of the extracts malondialdehyde levels decreased also in both erythrocytes and plasma

The effect of different bacteria biofotmulation applications on plant growth, yield and enzyme levels in garlic cultivation

Bu çalışmada; yabani ve kültür bitkilerinin toprak altı veya toprak üstü aksamlarından daha önce yürütülen bazı çalışmalarda izole edilerek tanılanan, toplam 1248 bakteri izolatı içerisinden seçilen Agrobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Pantoea sp. ve Pseudomonas sp.’e ait toplam 19 adet bakteri izolatı kullanılarak 3 farklı bakteri biyoformülasyonu (F1, F2 ve F3) hazırlanmıştır. Bu biyoformülasyonlar içerisine daldırılan sarımsak (Allium sativum L.) dişleri saksılara ekilerek uygulamaların bitki boyu, klorofil düzeyi ve bazı enzim (katalaz, peroksidaz, polifenol oksidaz ve superoksit dismutaz) aktiviteleri üzerine etkileri saptanmıştır. Tüm bakteri formülasyonu uygulamalarının kontrole göre sarımsakta bitki gelişiminde önemli katkılar sağladığı ve bitki enzim düzeylerinde de önemli değişikliklere sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; test edilen 3 bakteri biyoformülasyonu içerisinde özellikle B2 formülasyonunun hem bitki gelişim parametreleri hem de bitkideki enzim düzeyleri bakımından yapılan değerlendirmede sarımsak tarımında mikrobiyal gübre olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.In this study, we have prepared 3 different bacteria bioformulation (F1, F2 and F3) by using a total 19 bacteria isolates belonging to Agrobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Pantoea sp.and Pseudomonas sp. chosen and identidfied 1248 bacteria isolate from underground or above – ground parts of the wild and cultivated plants in several studies conducted previously. Cloves of garlic (Allium sativum L.) that had been submerged into these bioformulations were potted and had been determined their effects on plant height, chlorophyll level and some enzyme (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase) activities. It has been found out that all bacteria formulation treatments made important contributions to the plant growth of garlic compared to the control, and caused important changes in the plant enzyme levels. As a result, it is thought that B2 formulation, among the three bacteria bioformulations tested, could be used a microbial fertilizer in garlic agriculture due to its plant growth parameters and enzyme levels in plant

Management of Foreign Body Aspiration in Children: Insights From 664 Cases in the Operating Room

Tracheal or bronchial foreign body aspiration is an important emergency o childhood requiring bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. In this retrospective study, bronchoscopy were performed for foreign body aspiration; anesthesia methods, risks, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Children who underwent bronchoscopy with suspicion of a foreign body in the pediatric surgery operating room between January 2010 and December 2021 were included in the study. Six hundred and sixty four children were evaluated. General anesthesia was applied to all bronchoscopy. Demographic characteristics of the patients, type of foreign body, localization of foreign body, distribution of foreign body according to age groups, complications related to anesthesia and surgical process, length of stay in the postoperative intensive care unit, and duration of hospital stay were evaluated. The patients who aspirated foreign bodies most frequently were children aged 1-3 years (73.6%). During bronchoscopy, organic matter (seeds, hazelnuts, peanuts, chickpeas) was the most frequently removed foreign body in children (559 patients). It was observed that foreign bodies were mostly located in the right main bronchus at a rate of 52.4%, the left main bronchus at 28%. The most common anesthesia-related complications were desaturation in 400 patients, hypercarbia in 200 patients, bronchospasm in 108 patients, and respiratory arrest in 2 patients. Many problems may be encountered in foreign body inhalation, and bronchoscopy of these patients should be performed by an experienced anesthesiologist and surgeon at the right time and in the safest way in terms of anesthesia and surgery

Renal diffusion weighted magnetic resonans imaging findings of children with vesicoureteral reflux

Difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntülemede (DAG) ölçülen böbrek ?Apparent Diffusion Coeffcients? (ADC) değerleri ile vezikoüreteral reflü (VUR) arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Sık üriner sistem ve ateşli üriner sistem enfeksiyonu geçirme şikayeti olup voiding sistoüretrografide (VSUG) VUR saptanan ve DAG görüntülemesi bulunan 46 hastanın (8 Erkek, 38 Kız, ortalama yaş 7,3±4,2, 1yaş-15yaş) VUR?lu 71 böbreği çalışmaya alındı. Kontrol grubunda 54 hastanın (21 Erkek, 33 Kız, ortalama yaş 7,7±5,2, 1 yaş-17 yaş) normal olan 81 böbreği yer aldı. Çalışmada 1.5 T MR cihazı ile nefes tutmadan, b = 600 sn/mm2 değeri kullanılarak, aksiyal planda DAG tetkiki yapıldı ve böbrek parankiminden yapılan ADC ölçümleri hesaplandı. İstatistiksel analiz için student t testi ve pearson korelasyon analizleri kullanıldı. Olgular klinik ve laboratuar değerlerine göre 5 gruba ayrıldı. Renal DAG incelemede ortalama ADC değeri kontrol grubu böbrekler için (1,93±0,36) x10- 3mm2/sn, VUR?lu böbreklerde ise grade 1 için (1,97±0,24) x10-3mm2/sn, grade 2 için (1,83±0,37) x10-3mm2/sn, grade 3 için (1,98±0,20) x10-3mm2/sn ve grade 4 için (2,08±0,42) x10-3 mm2/sn olarak bulundu. VUR?lu böbrekler ile kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı. VUR derecesi ile böbrek ADC değerleri arasında korelasyon izlenmedi (r = 0,138, p = 0,84). Diğer yandan kontrol grubu ve çalışma grubunda yaş ile ADC değerleri arasında kuvvetli pozitif korelasyon bulundu (r = 0,85, p<0,0001). Renal kortikal sintigrafide skar bulunan 22 böbreğin 19?unda MR ürografide skar bulgusu saptandı. Sonuç olarak VUR?lu böbreklerde DAG?de diffüz nefropati bulgusu gösterilememiştir. Bu sonuç RN?de etkilenimin fokal olmasını desteklemektedir. Böbrek ADC değerleri yaş ile kuvvetli pozitif korelasyon gösterdiğinden böbrekte planlanan DAG çalışmalarında yaşın önemli etkisi göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Vezikoüreteral Reflü, Difüzyon Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme, NefropatiThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the vesicoureteral reflux and apparent diffusion coeffcients (ADC)measurements by the renal diffusion magnetic resonans imaging (DMRI). The study group comprise 71 kidneys with VUR on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) of 46 patient (8 boy, 38 girl, mean age 7,3±4,2, range 1 to 15 years)complain of frequent urinary tract infection (UTI) with DMRI. Control group comprise normal 81 kidneys of 54 patient (21 boy, 33 girl, mean age 7,7±5,2, range 1 to 17 years). Renal ADC values was calculated on a 1,5 T MR system using a non breath hold DMRI with b value of 600 sn/mm2. Pearson correlation analysis and student t test used for statistical analysis. The patients were separated into 5 groups according to laboratory and clinical findings. The mean ADC values for the control, grade 1, grade 2, grade 3 and grade 4 reflux groups were (1,93±0,36) x10-3mm2/sec, (1,97±0,24) x10-3mm2/sec, (1,83±0,37) x10-3mm2/sec, (1,98±0,20) x10-3mm2/sec and (2,08±0,42) x10-3 mm2/sec, respectively. No correlation was found between VUR degree and the ADC values (r = 0,138, p = 0,84). There was no significant difference between VUR and normal kidneys. On the other hand a strong positive correlation was found between age and ADC values of the group of reflux and normal kidneys (r = 0,85, p<0,0001). 19 scarred kidneys was detected with MRU among the 22 scarred kidney diagnosedon scintigraphy. In conclusion, we found no sign of renal reflux nephropathy with DMRI. This result supported the focal injury mechanism of reflux nephropathy. A strong pozitive correlation was found between age and ADC values. Thus age effect on ADC values should be considered while planning further studies. Key words: Vesicoureteral reflux, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, nephropath

Toplumsal Bir Değer Olarak Otorite

Güç, kudret, boyum eğdirme, emretme, itaat ettirme gibi farklı anlamlara gelen otorite kavramı üzerinde ortak bir tanım vermek oldukça güçtür. Hemen her toplumda bireylerin doğumlarıyla birlikte, bir şekilde otorite ile karı karşıya kaldıkları bir gerçektir. Bu durumun gerçekleşmesinde ise toplumların kültürel yapıları, inançları ve hukuk kuralları etkili olmaktadır. Bu enstrümanların etkisi otoritenin biçimlerini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada otorite kavramına yüklenen farklı tanımlar verilerek; otorite çeşitleri, otoritenin ortaya çıkışı, Otoritenin fonksiyonları, birey ve toplumsal yaşamda otoritenin yeri ve ilahi dinlerde otorite ilişkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. It is quite hard to find a common description on the concept of authority which has different meanings such as power, force, submission, order and obey. It is a truth that in almost every society, individuals, with their birth, confront with the authority in any way. Societies’ cultural structure, beliefs and rule of law are effective on being realized of this situation. The effect of these instruments find out the type of the authority. In this research, types of authority, appearance of the authority, the function of the authority, the place of the authority in the individual and social life and the authority relationship in the divine religion are tried to be determined being given the different descriptions of the concept of the authority