Unstabling in the legal Environment and Decision-Making process

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of change dimensions in the legal environment on the quality of each stage of the decision-making process of the senior managers of public institutions. The interest population of this study included all general managers, directors, administrative, financial and support assistants, financial controllers and managers and other executive directors and deputies of Zanjan province that were studied by census method. The data collection toll was a researcher-made questionnaire that its reliability and validity were confirmed (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.87). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics techniques (Chi-square test and Friedman test) by SPSS software. The results show that the dimensions of changes in the legal environment factors affect on the two first and third stages of the decision making process of managers (stages of data collection, decision-making and its implementation). However, it has no effect of the data and information analysis stage

Unstabling in the legal Environment and Decision-Making process

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of change dimensions in the legal environment on the quality of each stage of the decision-making process of the senior managers of public institutions. The interest population of this study included all general managers, directors, administrative, financial and support assistants, financial controllers and managers and other executive directors and deputies of Zanjan province that were studied by census method. The data collection toll was a researcher-made questionnaire that its reliability and validity were confirmed (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.87). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics techniques (Chi-square test and Friedman test) by SPSS software. The results show that the dimensions of changes in the legal environment factors affect on the two first and third stages of the decision making process of managers (stages of data collection, decision-making and its implementation). However, it has no effect of the data and information analysis stage

Distraction osteogenesis for cleft palate closure: A finite element analysis

Background: Current methods of closure of the cleft palate result in the formation of scars and impairment of growth. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) might be an effective means to repair or at least reduce the size of wide clefts. This study investigates the biomechanical aspects of this process. Materials and Methods: DO simulation was applied to reduce the size of a unilateral hard palate cleft on a three-dimensional (3D) model of the maxilla. For the position of osteotomy lines, two different models were assumed, with the osteotomy line on the affected side in model A and on the intact side in model B. In each model, DO screws were placed on two different positions, anteriorly (models A1 and B1) and posteriorly (models A2 and B2). Displacement pattern of the bony island in each of the four models, reaction forces at DO locations, and von Mises stress were estimated. Mesh generation and data processing were carried out in the 3D finite element analysis package (ABAQUS V6.7-1; Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA). Results: In model B2, the island moved almost evenly, assuring a more complete closure of the cleft. The most uniform stress distribution was found in model B1. Conclusion: The results suggest that the best positions for the DO screw and the osteotomy line for closure of the cleft palate are posteriorly and on the intact side, respectively

Anesthesia and analgesia for common research models of adult mice

Abstract Anesthesia and analgesia are major components of many interventional studies on laboratory animals. However, various studies have shown improper reporting or use of anesthetics/analgesics in research proposals and published articles. In many cases, it seems “anesthesia” and “analgesia” are used interchangeably, while they are referring to two different concepts. Not only this is an unethical practice, but also it may be one of the reasons for the proven suboptimal quality of many animal researches. This is a widespread problem among investigations on various species of animals. However, it could be imagined that it may be more prevalent for the most common species of laboratory animals, such as the laboratory mice. In this review, proper anesthetic/analgesic methods for routine procedures on laboratory mice are discussed. We considered the available literature and critically reviewed their anesthetic/analgesic methods. Detailed dosing and pharmacological information for the relevant drugs are provided and some of the drugs’ side effects are discussed. This paper provides the necessary data for an informed choice of anesthetic/analgesic methods in some routine procedures on laboratory mice