MoS2 photoelectrodes for hydrogen production: Tuning the S-vacancy content in highly homogeneous ultrathin nanocrystals

Tuning the electrocatalytic properties of MoS2 layers can be achieved through different paths, such as reducing their thickness, creating edges in the MoS2 flakes, and introducing S-vacancies. We combine these three approaches by growing MoS2 electrodes by using a special salt-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This procedure allows the growth of ultrathin MoS2 nanocrystals (1-3 layers thick and a few nanometers wide), as evidenced by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. This morphology of the MoS2 layers at the nanoscale induces some specific features in the Raman and photoluminescence spectra compared to exfoliated or microcrystalline MoS2 layers. Moreover, the S-vacancy content in the layers can be tuned during CVD growth by using Ar/H2 mixtures as a carrier gas. Detailed optical microtransmittance and microreflectance spectroscopies, micro-Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements with sub-millimeter spatial resolution show that the obtained samples present an excellent homogeneity over areas in the cm2 range. The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of these MoS2 layers were investigated using electrodes with relatively large areas (0.8 cm2). The prepared MoS2 cathodes show outstanding Faradaic efficiencies as well as long-term stability in acidic solutions. In addition, we demonstrate that there is an optimal number of S-vacancies to improve the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical performances of MoS2PID2021-126098OB-I00, PID2020-116619GA-C22, TED2021-131788A-I00, SI3/PJI/2021-0050

Bradicardia sinusal: caso clínico

Sinus bradycardia also known as a cardiac arrhythmia, can occur for different reasons such as changes in the generation of the most common clinical impulse of the sinus node, by changes in the transmission of the same at different points of the specific conduction system, can be for physiological or pathological reasons, usually bradycardias occur when electrical impulses are reduced or stopped for moments and heart rate affects the generation or conduction of abnormal impulses, causing the heart to beat < 60 beats per minute.  This abnormality may be due to benign causes, however, it requires monitoring by a specialist, as too low a heart rate may reveal other problems that do cause danger to health, In clinical practice, people over 65 years of age and young athletes of both sexes are known to have sinus bradycardia. In this article we examined sinus bradycardia in a patient with a history of Wolf parkinson White with a history of sinus bradycardia following ablation, allowing us to describe the pathology of sinus bradycardia, its symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment applied by performing systematic searches in Pubmed and Scopus, with the data obtained we designed, described and analyzed the pathology, as well as compared it with other studies. The development of the clinical case allowed us to describe the pathology of sinus bradycardia, its symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment used. In a patient with the diagnosis of Wolf parkinson White with a history of sinus bradycardia after advancing her age since she is currently 44 years old, we were able to observe that the treatment does not always direct us initially to the use of drugs, and also understand that having patients with bradycardia will not always be for physiological reasons so we should act according to their needs and with knowledge cleared as much as possible.  La bradicardia sinusal también conocida como una arritmia cardiaca, pueden darse por diferentes motivos como modificaciones en la generación del impulso clínico más habitual del nódulo sinusal, por cambios de la transmisión del mismo en distintos puntos del sistema específicos de conducción, puede ser por motivos fisiológicos o patológicos, normalmente las bradicardias se dan cuando los impulsos eléctricos se reducen o paran por instantes y la frecuencia cardiaca afecta la generación o conducción de impulsos anormales, provocando que el corazón palpite < 60 latidos por minuto.  Esta anomalía puede ser por causas benignas, sin embargo, requiere ser controlada por un especialista, ya que un ritmo cardiaco demasiado bajo puede revelar otros problemas que sí causen peligro para la salud, En la práctica clínica, se sabe que las personas mayores de 65 años y los atletas jóvenes de los dos sexos presentan bradicardia sinusal. En este artículo se examinó la bradicardia sinusal en una paciente con antecedentes de Wolf párkinson White con antecedentes de bradicardias sinusales posteriores a ablación, permitiéndonos describir la patología de bradicardia sinusal, su sintomatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento aplicado realizando búsquedas sistemáticas en Pubmed y Scopus, con los datos obtenidos se diseñó, describió y analizó la patología, así como se comparó con otros estudios. El desarrollo del caso clínico nos permitió en describir la patología de bradicardia sinusal, su sintomatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento usado. En una paciente con el diagnostico de Wolf párkinson White con antecedentes de bradicardias sinusales pos avance de su edad ya que actualmente tiene 44 años, pudimos observar que el tratamiento no siempre nos dirige inicialmente al uso de fármacos, y también entender que al tener pacientes con bradicardia no siempre serán por motivos fisiológicos por lo que se deberá actuar de acuerdo con sus necesidades y con conocimientos despejados en lo más posible

Transparencia, combate a la corrupción y Gobierno Abierto: La experiencia de México

La mayoría de las encuestas hacia las elecciones presidenciales en México de 2018 coinciden: el tema que más lastima a los mexicanos del Siglo XXI es la corrupción y la impunidad, junto con la seguridad ciudadana y económica. La promesa de una menor corrupción que acompañó nuestras transiciones, tanto a nivel federal como en las entidades federativas, no se ha cumplido, afectando nuestra confianza en el régimen democrático como el más efectivo para tener mejor calidad de vida. Este libro da cuenta de ello y con la creación del Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción, publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 25 de mayo de 2015, se abre un espacio para el trabajo colaborativo y de incidencia con las distintas organizaciones que integran el colectivo CIMTRA; para promover a partir de la transparencia las acciones contra la corrupción en los gobiernos. En la medida que las instituciones y los ciudadanos asumamos la corresponsabilidad que tenemos en la construcción de ciudadanía, y respeto a los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos se logrará controlar el ejercicio de los poderes públicos y se resignificará la política como el mejor espacio para el mejoramiento de nuestro país

Transparencia, combate a la corrupción y Gobierno Abierto: La experiencia de México

La mayoría de las encuestas hacia las elecciones presidenciales en México de 2018 coinciden: el tema que más lastima a los mexicanos del Siglo XXI es la corrupción y la impunidad, junto con la seguridad ciudadana y económica. La promesa de una menor corrupción que acompañó nuestras transiciones, tanto a nivel federal como en las entidades federativas, no se ha cumplido, afectando nuestra confianza en el régimen democrático como el más efectivo para tener mejor calidad de vida. Este libro da cuenta de ello y con la creación del Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción, publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 25 de mayo de 2015, se abre un espacio para el trabajo colaborativo y de incidencia con las distintas organizaciones que integran el colectivo CIMTRA; para promover a partir de la transparencia las acciones contra la corrupción en los gobiernos. En la medida que las instituciones y los ciudadanos asumamos la corresponsabilidad que tenemos en la construcción de ciudadanía, y respeto a los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos se logrará controlar el ejercicio de los poderes públicos y se resignificará la política como el mejor espacio para el mejoramiento de nuestro país

Transparencia, combate a la corrupción y gobierno abierto : la experiencia en México

La transparencia en México ha tenido un sinuoso camino, para garantizar que las instituciones y los funcionarios públicos den a conocer la información sobre sus actividades de interés para los ciudadanos. En ese sentido, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil como el Colectivo por Municipios Transparentes (CIMTRA), académicos y universidades son un espacio de discusión que busca impulsar y promover este derecho consagrado en la Constitución. Además, para garantizar la rendición de cuentas se ha estimulado el combate a la corrupción y doctrinas políticas como el gobierno abierto, que promulgan la colaboración y participación ciudadana a fin de hacer accesible la información de las organizaciones e instituciones públicas. Ese importante análisis, innovador y actual, formulado por especialistas e investigadores sobre los alcances y limitaciones de estos temas es abordado en esta obra, para mover a la reflexión y análisis críticos y, sobre todo, para impulsar acciones a favor de políticas públicas que mejoren la función sustantiva del gobierno: garantizar a los ciudadanos bienestar.11Presentación Felipe José Hevia de Jara 15Introducción José Antonio Meyer Rodríguez José Luis Estrada Rodríguez José Ojeda Bustamante 17Capítulo I Calidad de la democracia para la fiscalización, control y seguimiento de los recursos públicos José Luis Estrada Rodríguez Lorenzo Antonio Portilla Vásquez 35Capítulo II Deliberación pública y participación ciudadana, primordial sustento para el Gobierno Abierto y la rendición de cuentas José Antonio Meyer Rodríguez Jorge Luis Castillo Durán Alejandra Rodríguez Estrada 47Capítulo III Midiendo al Gobierno Abierto en México: los portales estatales de transparencia durante el periodo 2015-2016 Rodrigo Sandoval Almazán 67Capítulo IV Transparencia y contraloría social en la generación de Gobierno Abierto en el ámbito subnacional María Gabriela Martínez Tiburcio 87Capítulo V Discurso presidencial y corrupción en México. Una aproximación desde el Análisis Crítico del Discurso Carlos Enrique Ahuactzin Martínez Jorge Luis Castillo Durán Bárbara Torres Romero 113 Capítulo VI Retos y sensibilización hacia la transparencia en la Ciudad de México Dulce Maribel Corona Rojas María Luisa Rubio González Víctor Alejandro Villegas Corona 129 Capítulo VII Partidos Políticos en México: los Intocables de la transparencia y rendición de cuentas Hugo Sánchez Gudiño 149 Capítulo VIII Gobierno Abierto en el contexto subnacional José de Jesús Sosa López 169 Capítulo IX Capacidades institucionales para la transparencia presupuestal en la frontera norte de México Ramón Fernández Mejía 189 Capítulo X Comprender y transparentar a la legislatura en Puebla: una agenda ciudadana José Luis Mendoza Tablero 201 Capítulo XI Práctica exitosa en la implementación y ejecución del modelo de Gobierno Abierto: caso Zacatecas Norma Julieta del Río Venegas 223 Capítulo XII La educación cívica como condición para la transparencia y rendición de cuentas Rafael Caballero Álvarez Alma Verónica Méndez Pacheco 243 Capítulo XIII Transparencia y sujetos obligados: análisis de los juicios presentados al IAIP de Tlaxcala (2015-2016) María Magdalena Sam Bautista 267 Capítulo XIV Hacia una nueva agenda de transparencia, acceso a la información y rendición de cuentas en el ámbito local en México Ricardo Joel Jiménez González 299 Capítulo XV Gobierno Abierto: retos y avances en Veracruz Yolli García Alvarez Angélica Mendieta Ramírez 321 Capítulo XVI Análisis sobre los indicadores de impunidad y corrupción en Puebla Juan Antonio Le Clercq Ortega 339 Capítulo XVII Las ampliaciones de la Unión Europea hacia Europa del Este, impacto político en transparencia y gobernanza Pedro Manuel Rodríguez Suárez 361 Capítulo XVIII El Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción en México: análisis de sus alcances y limitaciones Jairo Garzón Montaño 385 Capítulo XIX Gobierno de opacidad vs Gobierno Abierto: comité local de Gobierno Abierto subnacional José Ojeda Bustamante Yadira del Carmen Rosales Ruiz Georgina Alducin González 405 Sobre los autore

Association between administration of IL-6 antagonists and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 : a meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of IL-6 antagonists in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 have variously reported benefit, no effect, and harm. OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between administration of IL-6 antagonists compared with usual care or placebo and 28-day all-cause mortality and other outcomes. DATA SOURCES Trials were identified through systematic searches of electronic databases between October 2020 and January 2021. Searches were not restricted by trial status or language. Additional trials were identified through contact with experts. STUDY SELECTION Eligible trials randomly assigned patients hospitalized for COVID-19 to a group in whom IL-6 antagonists were administered and to a group in whom neither IL-6 antagonists nor any other immunomodulators except corticosteroids were administered. Among 72 potentially eligible trials, 27 (37.5%) met study selection criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS In this prospectivemeta-analysis, risk of biaswas assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Inconsistency among trial results was assessed using the I-2 statistic. The primary analysis was an inverse variance-weighted fixed-effects meta-analysis of odds ratios (ORs) for 28-day all-cause mortality. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measurewas all-cause mortality at 28 days after randomization. There were 9 secondary outcomes including progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death and risk of secondary infection by 28 days. RESULTS A total of 10 930 patients (median age, 61 years [range of medians, 52-68 years]; 3560 [33%] were women) participating in 27 trials were included. By 28 days, there were 1407 deaths among 6449 patients randomized to IL-6 antagonists and 1158 deaths among 4481 patients randomized to usual care or placebo (summary OR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.79-0.95]; P =.003 based on a fixed-effects meta-analysis). This corresponds to an absolute mortality risk of 22% for IL-6 antagonists compared with an assumed mortality risk of 25% for usual care or placebo. The corresponding summary ORs were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74-0.92; P <.001) for tocilizumab and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.86-1.36; P =.52) for sarilumab. The summary ORs for the association with mortality compared with usual care or placebo in those receiving corticosteroids were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.68-0.87) for tocilizumab and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.61-1.38) for sarilumab. The ORs for the association with progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death, compared with usual care or placebo, were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.70-0.85) for all IL-6 antagonists, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.82) for tocilizumab, and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.74-1.34) for sarilumab. Secondary infections by 28 days occurred in 21.9% of patients treated with IL-6 antagonists vs 17.6% of patients treated with usual care or placebo (OR accounting for trial sample sizes, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.85-1.16). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this prospectivemeta-analysis of clinical trials of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, administration of IL-6 antagonists, compared with usual care or placebo, was associated with lower 28-day all-cause mortality

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien\u2013Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9\ub72 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4\u20137) and 7 (6\u20138) days respectively (P &lt; 0\ub7001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6\ub76 versus 8\ub70 per cent; P = 0\ub7499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0\ub790, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub755 to 1\ub746; P = 0\ub7659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34\ub77 versus 39\ub75 per cent; major 3\ub73 versus 3\ub74 per cent; P = 0\ub7110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients