Dyadic analysis of emotional intimate partner violence: an estimation of dyadic patterns and influencing individual, family, and couple factors

Background: The co-occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been usually determined by co-occurring reports of perpetration and victimization, but still not considering the interdependence of both members'' reports. The current research aimed to analyze the dyadic patterns of IPV perpetration and victimization, considering the influence of sexism toward women, family functioning, and relationship duration. Method: The sample involved 242 couples heterosexual couples. The ActorPartner Interdependence Model was calculated to analyze the violent dynamics in the couple. For males, a couple-oriented pattern was identified, but for females the pattern was between couple-oriented and actor-only pattern. Results: These patterns remained stable when personal, family, and relational variables were included in the model, which present different effects on perpetration and victimization: males'' hostile sexism predicted higher levels of male IPV perpetration and victimization as well as higher levels of male and female victimization via male perpetration. Regarding family functioning, higher family good functioning predicted lower IPV perpetration in males and lower victimization in females. Finally, relationship length predicted higher levels of IPV perpetration of both couple members and higher victimization via perpetration. Conclusions: These results are discussed in light of the interdependence of couple members'' IPV perpetration and victimization. Antecedentes: La coocurrencia de la violencia en la pareja (IPV) suele establecerse con el informe de ambos miembros de la pareja, pero rara vez se tiene en cuenta la interdependencia entre sus respuestas. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido analizar los patrones diádicos de la IPV teniendo en cuenta el sexismo hacia las mujeres, la funcionalidad familiar y la duración de la relación. Método: La muestra estaba compuesta por 242 parejas heterosexuales, utilizándose el Actor-Partner Interdependence Model para analizar los patrones diádicos. En el caso de los hombres se identificó el patrón orientado a la díada, mientras que el patrón de las mujeres parecía encontrarse entre el orientado a la díada y al actor. Resultados: Estos patrones se mantuvieron tras haber incluido el sexismo, el funcionamiento familiar y la duración de la relación: el sexismo hostil de los hombres predecía mayores niveles de perpetración en ellos y de victimización en ambos a través de la perpetración de los hombres. El buen funcionamiento familiar predecía una menor perpetración en los hombres y victimización en las mujeres. Finalmente la duración de la relación predijo mayores niveles de perpetración y victimización a través de la perpetración en ambos miembros de la pareja. Conclusiones: Se discuten los resultados a partir de la interdependencia de la IPV de ambos miembros de la pareja

The effect of low solubility organic acids on the hygroscopicity of sodium halide aerosols

In order to accurately assess the influence of fatty acids on the hygroscopic and other physicochemical properties of sea salt aerosols, hexanoic, octanoic or lauric acid together with sodium halide salts (NaCl, NaBr and NaI) have been chosen to be investigated in this study. The hygroscopic properties of sodium halide sub-micrometre particles covered with organic acids have been examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in an aerosol flow cell. Covered particles were generated by flowing atomized sodium halide particles (either dry or aqueous) through a heated oven containing the gaseous acid. The obtained results indicate that gaseous organic acids easily nucleate onto dry and aqueous sodium halide particles. On the other hand, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that lauric acid coating on NaCl particles makes them to aggregate in small clusters. The hygroscopic behaviour of covered sodium halide particles in deliquescence mode shows different features with the exchange of the halide ion, whereas the organic surfactant has little effect in NaBr particles, NaCl and NaI covered particles experience appreciable shifts in their deliquescence relative humidities, with different trends observed for each of the acids studied. In efflorescence mode, the overall effect of the organic covering is to retard the loss of water in the particles. It has been observed that the presence of gaseous water in heterogeneously nucleated particles tends to displace the cover of hexanoic acid to energetically stabilize the system

The Role of Non-Covalent Interactions on Cluster Formation: Pentamer, Hexamers and Heptamer of Difluoromethane

The role of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) has broadened with the inclusion of new types of interactions and a plethora of weak donor/acceptor partners. This work illustrates the potential of chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave technique, which has revolutionized the field of rotational spectroscopy. In particular, it has been exploited to reveal the role of NCIs’ in the molecular self-aggregation of difluoromethane where a pentamer, two hexamers and a heptamer were detected. The development of a new automated assignment program and a sophisticated computational screening protocol was essential for identifying the homoclusters in conditions of spectral congestion. The major role of dispersion forces leads to less directional interactions and more distorted structures than those found in polar clusters, although a detailed analysis demonstrates that the dominant interaction energy is the pairwise interaction. The tetramer cluster is identified as a structural unit in larger clusters, representing the maximum expression of bond between dimers

Epicure: a European epidemiological study of patients with an advanced or metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) having progressed to a platinum-based chemotherapy

Background: Platinum-based systemic chemotherapy is considered the backbone for management of advanced urothelial carcinomas. However there is a lack of real world data on the use of such chemotherapy regimens, on patient profiles and on management after treatment failure. Methods: Fifty-one randomly selected physicians from 4 European countries registered 218 consecutive patients in progression or relapse following a first platinum-based chemotherapy. Patient characteristics, tumor history and treatment regimens, as well as the considerations of physicians on the management of urothelial carcinoma were recorded. Results: A systemic platinum-based regimen had been administered as the initial chemotherapy in 216 patients: 15 in the neoadjuvant setting, 61 in adjuvant therapy conditions, 137 in first-line advanced setting and 3 in other conditions. Of these patients, 76 (35 %) were initially considered as cisplatin-unfit, mainly because of renal impairment (52 patients). After platinum failure, renal impairment was observed in 44 % of patients, ECOG Performance Status ≥ 2 in 17 %, hemoglobinemia 30 % patients). The most frequent all-settings second anticancer therapy regimen was vinflunine (70 % of single-agent and 42 % of all subsequent treatments), the main reasons evoked by physicians (>1 out of 4) being survival benefit, safety and phase III evidence. Conclusion: In this daily practice experience, a majority of patients with urothelial carcinoma previously treated with a platinum-based therapy received a second chemotherapy regimen, most often a single agent after an initial chemotherapy in the advanced setting and preferably a cytotoxic combination after a neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Performance Status and prior response to chemotherapy were the main drivers of further treatment decisions

Structural Studies of Nicotinoids: Cotinine versus Nicotine

Nicotinoids are agonists of the acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and play important biochemical and pharmacological roles. Herein, we report on the structure and conformation of cotinine, and compare its molecular properties with the nicotine prototype, from which it only differs in the addition of a carbonyl group. This investigation included a theoretical survey of the effects of rotamerization of the pyridine moiety, the puckering of the pyrrolidinone ring and the internal rotation of the methyl group. The experimental work examined the rotational spectrum of the molecule in a supersonic expansion, using both broadband chirped‐pulse excitation techniques and cavity microwave spectrometers. Two conformers were observed for cotinine, and the fine and hyperfine structures arising from the two quadrupolar 14N nuclei and the methyl internal rotor were fully analyzed. The two observed conformers share the same twisted conformation of the five‐membered ring, but differ in a roughly 180° rotamerization around the C−C bond connecting the two rings. The energy barriers for the internal rotation of the methyl group in cotinine (4.55(4) and 4.64(3) kJ mol−1, respectively) are much lower than in nicotine (estimated in 16.5 kJ mol−1). The combination of different intramolecular electronic effects, hydrogen bonding and possible binding differences to receptor molecules arising from the carbonyl group could explain the lower affinity of cotinine for nAChRs

THE CM-, MM- AND SUBMM-WAVE SPECTRUM OF ALLYL ISOCYANIDE AND RADIOASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS IN ORION KL AND THE PRIMOS LINE SURVEY

Author Institution: Laboratoire PhLAM, UMR8523 CNRS-Universite Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France; Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tenologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa (Spain); Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA). Ctra de Ajalvir, Km 4, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Quimica Fisica y Quimica Inorganica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid (Spain); Sciences Chimiques de Rennes -Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Rennes -CNRS -35700 Rennes, FranceLast year we presented the first rotational analysis of the ground state of the two conformers of allyl isocyanide from 4 GHz to 905 GHz. The analysis of the rotational spectrum of the cis conformer of allyl isocyanide was extended. We resolved Coriolis interactions of $a$ and $b$ types between the excited vibrational states $\nu_1=1$ and $\nu_2=1$, calculated to be at 156 $cm^{-1}$ ($A^{'}$) and 167 $cm^{-1}$ ($A^{''}$) respectively (MP2/aug-cc-pvtz), from 150 GHz to 600 GHz}. Strong perturbations were observed in the 150-310 GHz range for low values of the quantum number $K_a$ starting from $K_a = 0, 1$. The anharmonicities appeared as well at higher frequencies for larger quantum numbers. The two modes were fitted together with the SPFIT/SPCATnderline{\textbf{148}}, 371-377, 1991.} suite of programs and a set of Coriolis parameters was accurately determined. The fit contains more than 3000 lines up to $J = 99$ and $K_a = 12$ for both modes. We did not detect these species neither in the IRAM 30-m line survey of Orion KL nor in the PRIMOS survey towards SgrB2. Nevertheless, we provided upper limits to their column density in Orion KL. \em{This work was supported by the CNES and the Action sur Projets de l'INSU, PCMI.} %The fit contains more than 3000 lines up to $J = 99$ and $k_a = 12$ for both modes. The proceeding of the analysis to higher $k_a$ quantum numbers showed even more complications due to additional interactions with $\nu_3=1$ and $\nu_4=1$. %Zero-kinetic-energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy was used to probe the vibrational levels in the ground electronic state of the chlorobenzene cation using a two-color photoionization scheme via the S${_1}$ electronic state of the neutral nderline{\textbf{102}}(12), XXXX March 1995.}. Exciting through different S${_1}$ vibrational levels has revealed mixing of some S${_1}$ normal coordinates in the ground state of the cation. A previously-identified Fermi resonance in the S${_1}$ state of the neutral is also confirmed by the ZEKE spectra. The adiabatic ionization energy is measured as $73\,170\pm5$\,cm$^{-1}$