Slovac Republic repository of radioactive waste

The Slovac Republic Repository of Radioactive Waste (radwaste) in place Mochovce presents a multi-barrier repository of the surface type designed as an ultimate storage of treated solid and fixed, low-and very low-level radwaste generated during the operation and decommissioning of the nuclear power plants, in research institutes, laboratories and hospitals in the Slovak Republic. The isolation of the radwaste and retardation of the radionuclides are provided by the barrier system of the repository. To assess the complete system and parts of one of the most important barriers – the multi-barrier ultimate shielding of the repository – the model of the ultimate shielding of the repository was designed. The monitoring results of the model “ in situ“ will be applicable for projecting the ultimate shielding of the repository

Gamma-Ray Emission from PWNe Interacting with Molecular Clouds

We consider a situation in which a pulsar (and its nebula) is formed inside or close to a high density regions of a molecular cloud. We apply a recent model for the gamma radiation of pulsar wind nebulae (PWN), which includes not only radiation processes due to injected leptons but also processes due to injection of relativistic hadrons, in order to calculate the expected gamma-ray emission from such interacting PWNe. The example calculations have been performed for two objects of this type from which directions TeV gamma-ray sources have recently been observed (IC443 and W41). We show that the gamma-ray emission below a few TeV can be produced by leptons accelerated in the past in the vicinity of the pulsars. gamma-rays with energies above ~10 TeV can be produced by hadrons interacting with the matter inside the supernova remnant and surrounding dense clouds. In contrary to the low energy TeV emission, this high energy TeV emission should be correlated with the location of dense clouds able to capture hadrons due to their strong magnetic fields.Comment: Proceedings of the 30th ICRC, Merida, Mexico, 2007, in pres

Dynamical constraints on the origin of the young B-stars in the Galactic center

Regular star formation is thought to be inhibited close to the massive black hole (MBH) in the Galactic center. Nevertheless, tens of young main sequence B stars have been observed in an isotropic distribution close to it. Various models have been suggested for the formation of the B-stars closest to the MBH (<0.05 pc; the S-stars), typically involving the migration of these stars from their original birthplace to their currently observed position. Here we explore the orbital phase space distribution of the B-stars throughout the central pc expected from the various suggested models for the origin of the B-stars. We find that most of these models have difficulties in explaining, by themselves, both the population of the S-stars (<0.05 pc), and the population of the young B-stars further away (up to 0.5 pc). Most models grossly over-predict the number of B-stars up to 0.5 pc, given the observed number of S-stars. Such models include the intermediate-mass black hole assisted cluster inspiral scenario, Kozai-like perturbations by two disks, spiral density waves migration in a gaseous disk, and some of the eccentric disk instability models. We focus on one of the other models, the massive perturber induced binary disruption, which is consistent with both the S-stars and the extended population of B-stars further away. For this model we use analytical arguments and N-body simulations to provide further observational predictions. These could be compared with future observations to further support this model, constrain it or refute it. These predictions include the radial distribution of the young B-stars, their eccentricity distribution and its dependence on distance from the MBH (higher eccentricities at larger distances from the MBH), as well as less specific expectations regarding their mass function.Comment: Comments are welcome

Slovac Republic repository of radioactive waste

The Slovac Republic Repository of Radioactive Waste (radwaste) in place Mochovce presents a multi-barrier repository of the surface type designed as an ultimate storage of treated solid and fixed, low-and very low-level radwaste generated during the operation and decommissioning of the nuclear power plants, in research institutes, laboratories and hospitals in the Slovak Republic. The isolation of the radwaste and retardation of the radionuclides are provided by the barrier system of the repository. To assess the complete system and parts of one of the most important barriers – the multi-barrier ultimate shielding of the repository – the model of the ultimate shielding of the repository was designed. The monitoring results of the model “ in situ“ will be applicable for projecting the ultimate shielding of the repository

NACO/SAM observations of sources at the Galactic Center

Sparse aperture masking (SAM) interferometry combined with Adaptive Optics (AO) is a technique that is uniquely suited to investigate structures near the diffraction limit of large telescopes. The strengths of the technique are a robust calibration of the Point Spread Function (PSF) while maintaining a relatively high dynamic range. We used SAM+AO observations to investigate the circumstellar environment of several bright sources with infrared excess in the central parsec of the Galaxy. For our observations, unstable atmospheric conditions as well as significant residuals after the background subtraction presented serious problems for the standard approach of calibrating SAM data via interspersed observations of reference stars. We circumvented these difficulties by constructing a synthesized calibrator directly from sources within the field-of-view. When observing crowded fields, this novel method can boost the efficiency of SAM observations because it renders interspersed calibrator observations unnecessary. Here, we presented the first NaCo/SAM images reconstructed using this method.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, proceedings of the conference "Astrophysics at High Angular Resolution" (AHAR-2011

Dynamical evolution of the young stars in the Galactic center: N-body simulations of the S-stars

We use N-body simulations to study the evolution of the orbital eccentricities of stars deposited near (<0.05 pc) the Milky Way massive black hole (MBH), starting from initial conditions motivated by two competing models for their origin: formation in a disk followed by inward migration; and exchange interactions involving a binary star. The first model predicts modest eccentricities, lower than those observed in the S-star cluster, while the second model predicts higher eccentricities than observed. The N-body simulations include a dense cluster of 10 M_sun stellar black holes (SBHs), expected to accumulate near the MBH by mass segregation. Perturbations from the SBHs tend to randomize the stellar orbits, partially erasing the dynamical signatures of their origin. The eccentricities of the initially highly eccentric stars evolve, in 20 Myr (the S-star lifespan), to a distribution that is consistent at the ~95 % level with the observed eccentricity distribution. In contrast, the eccentricities of the initially more circular orbits fail to evolve to the observed values in 20 Myr, arguing against the disk migration scenario. We find that 20 % - 30 % of the S-stars are tidally disrupted by the MBH over their lifetimes, and that the S-stars are not likely to be ejected as hypervelocity stars outside the central 0.05 pc by close encounters with stellar black holes.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Minor corrections, Sumitted to Ap

Secular evolution of compact binaries near massive black holes: gravitational wave sources and other exotica

The environment near super massive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei contain a large number of stars and compact objects. A fraction of these are likely to be members of binaries. Here we discuss the binary population of stellar black holes and neutron stars near SMBHs and focus on the secular evolution of such binaries, due to the perturbation by the SMBH. Binaries with highly inclined orbits in respect to their orbit around the SMBH are strongly affected by secular Kozai processes, which periodically change their eccentricities and inclinations (Kozai-cycles). During periapsis approach, at the highest eccentricities during the Kozai-cycles, gravitational wave emission becomes highly efficient. Some binaries in this environment can inspiral and coalesce at timescales much shorter than a Hubble time and much shorter than similar binaries which do not reside near a SMBH. The close environment of SMBHs could therefore serve as catalyst for the inspiral and coalescence of binaries, and strongly affect their orbital properties. Such compact binaries would be detectable as gravitational wave (GW) sources by the next generation of GW detectors (e.g. advanced- LIGO). About 0.5% of such nuclear merging binaries will enter the LIGO observational window while on orbit that are still very eccentric (e>~0.5). The efficient gravitational wave analysis for such systems would therefore require the use of eccentric templates. We also find that binaries very close to the MBH could evolve through a complex dynamical (non-secular) evolution leading to emission of several GW pulses during only a few yrs (though these are likely to be rare). Finally, we note that the formation of close stellar binaries, X-ray binaries and their merger products could be induced by similar secular processes, combined with tidal friction rather than GW emission as in the case of compact object binaries.Comment: 15 pages, 7 Figures. ApJ accepte

The S-Star Cluster at the Center of the Milky Way: On the nature of diffuse NIR emission in the inner tenth of a parsec

Sagittarius A*, the super-massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, is surrounded by a small cluster of high velocity stars, known as the S-stars. We aim to constrain the amount and nature of stellar and dark mass associated with the cluster in the immediate vicinity of Sagittarius A*. We use near-infrared imaging to determine the $K_\mathrm{s}$-band luminosity function of the S-star cluster members, and the distribution of the diffuse background emission and the stellar number density counts around the central black hole. This allows us to determine the stellar light and mass contribution expected from the faint members of the cluster. We then use post-Newtonian N-body techniques to investigate the effect of stellar perturbations on the motion of S2, as a means of detecting the number and masses of the perturbers. We find that the stellar mass derived from the $K_\mathrm{s}$-band luminosity extrapolation is much smaller than the amount of mass that might be present considering the uncertainties in the orbital motion of the star S2. Also the amount of light from the fainter S-cluster members is below the amount of residual light at the position of the S-star cluster after removing the bright cluster members. If the distribution of stars and stellar remnants is strongly enough peaked near Sagittarius A*, observed changes in the orbital elements of S2 can be used to constrain both their masses and numbers. Based on simulations of the cluster of high velocity stars we find that at a wavelength of 2.2 $\mu$m close to the confusion level for 8 m class telescopes blend stars will occur (preferentially near the position of Sagittarius A*) that last for typically 3 years before they dissolve due to proper motions.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, minor changes to match the published version in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Advanced Camera for Surveys Observations of Young Star Clusters in the Interacting Galaxy UGC 10214

We present the first Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) observations of young star clusters in the colliding/merging galaxy UGC 10214. The observations were made as part of the Early Release Observation (ERO) program for the newly installed ACS during service mission SM3B for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Many young star clusters can be identified in the tails of UGC 10214, with ages ranging from ~3 Myr to 10 Myr. The extreme blue V-I (F606W-F814W) colors of the star clusters found in the tail of UGC 10214 can only be explained if strong emission lines are included with a young stellar population. This has been confirmed by our Keck spectroscopy of some of these bright blue stellar knots. The most luminous and largest of these blue knots has an absolute magnitude of M_V = -14.45, with a half-light radius of 161 pc, and if it is a single star cluster, would qualify as a super star cluster (SSC). Alternatively, it could be a superposition of multiple scaled OB associations or clusters. With an estimated age of ~ 4-5 Myr, its derived mass is < 1.3 x 10^6 solar masses. Thus the young stellar knot is unbound and will not evolve into a normal globular cluster. The bright blue clusters and associations are much younger than the dynamical age of the tail, providing strong evidence that star formation occurs in the tail long after it was ejected. UGC 10214 provides a nearby example of processes that contributed to the formation of halos and intra-cluster media in the distant and younger Universe.Comment: 6 pages with embedded figures, ApJ in pres

The Luminosity Function of Early-Type Galaxies at z~0.75

We measure the luminosity function of morphologically selected E/S0 galaxies from $z=0.5$ to $z=1.0$ using deep high resolution Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging data. Our analysis covers an area of 48\Box\arcmin (8$\times$ the area of the HDF-N) and extends 2 magnitudes deeper ($I\sim24$ mag) than was possible in the Deep Groth Strip Survey (DGSS). At $0.5<z<0.75$, we find $M_B^*-5\log h_{0.7}=-21.1\pm0.3$ and $\alpha=-0.53\pm0.2$, and at $0.75<z<1.0$, we find $M_B^*-5\log h_{0.7}=-21.4\pm0.2$. These luminosity functions are similar in both shape and number density to the luminosity function using morphological selection (e.g., DGSS), but are much steeper than the luminosity functions of samples selected using morphological proxies like the color or spectral energy distribution (e.g., CFRS, CADIS, or COMBO-17). The difference is due to the `blue', $(U-V)_0<1.7$, E/S0 galaxies, which make up to $\sim30$ of the sample at all magnitudes and an increasing proportion of faint galaxies. We thereby demonstrate the need for {\it both morphological and structural information} to constrain the evolution of galaxies. We find that the `blue' E/S0 galaxies have the same average sizes and Sersic parameters as the `red', $(U-V)_0>1.7$, E/S0 galaxies at brighter luminosities ($M_B<-20.1$), but are increasingly different at fainter magnitudes where `blue' galaxies are both smaller and have lower Sersic parameters. Fits of the colors to stellar population models suggest that most E/S0 galaxies have short star-formation time scales ($\tau<1$ Gyr), and that galaxies have formed at an increasing rate from $z\sim8$ until $z\sim2$ after which there has been a gradual decline.Comment: 39 pages, 21 figures, accepted in A