A Miniatura: Uma Criação Original.

Para sabermos qual o grau de criatividade e de espírito imaginativo dos iluminadores deveremos analisar detalhadamente a ilustração dos textos. Esta ilustração, longe do sentido puramente estético da simples decoração, pode figurar em cenas isoladas, em iniciais historiadas e, eventualmente, nas margens de um manuscrito iluminado

The prominence of social responsibility disclosure in Portuguese companies’ web pages

This study investigates Portuguese companies’ use of the Internet to communicate social responsibility information, and the factors that affect this use. It examines the characteristics of companies that influence the prominence of social responsibility information on the Internet. Firm-specific factors that explain SRD by companies operating in a European country in which capital market fund raising is not regarded to be an important source of financing are analysed. The results are interpreted through the lens of a “political economy” framework which combines stakeholder and legitimacy theories perspectives, according to which companies disclose social responsibility information to present a socially responsible image so that they can legitimise their behaviours to their stakeholder groups and influence the external perception of reputation. Results suggest that a theoretical framework combining stakeholder and legitimacy theories may provide an explanatory basis for SRD by Portuguese companies. However, this study does not provide us with enough evidence to determine that the prominence given to CSR activities by Portuguese companies in their websites is linked to relationships with their stakeholder

Using an integrative approach to assess brand identity

There is a wide agreement that identity is a multidisciplinary concept. The authors consider this an opportunity do develop a framework to assess identity. In a marketing context, literature reveals two approaches on identity: one focus on corporate identity and the other focus on branding. The aim of this paper is to integrate these two approaches to develop a synthesis framework to assess brand identity. Based on literature on identity the authors found nine components related to brand identity. Those components are described in this paper as well as the relation they have with brand identity. The authors hope that this synthesis approach contributes to a better understanding of the brand identity, and are very encouraging for refining this framework in the future.CIICES

A Europa Medieval: Tempo de Copistas, Iluminadores e Miniaturistas

superfície ocupada pela iluminura num manuscrito é variada. O iluminador pode simplesmente contentar-se com elementos decorativos abstractos ou figurativos cuja disposição possua um papel essencial e funcional na estrutura e divisão do texto, sublinhando o valor e a importância de certas passagens ou parágrafos (método decorativo). Pode, por outro lado, juntar ilustrações que acompanhem o texto para esclarecer ou elucidar do seu conteúdo (método ilustrativo). Estes dois métodos sempre se complementaram de uma forma ou doutra desde os princípios da produção medieval. Certos períodos do final da Idade Média acusam uma preponderância do método ilustrativo sem, no entanto, eliminarem completamente a decoração dos fólios

Corporate brand identity – a conceptual redefinition

There is a wide agreement that identity is a multidisciplinary concept. Branding is an identity expression. Although there are some frameworks to assess brand identity there isn’t an accepted definition. The authors consider this a gap in literature and investigate the components to assess brand identity under a holistic approach. Literature was reviewed and reinterpreted under an integrated perspective evolving corporate and brand identity studies. The authors propose a definition and nine componentscharacterizing corporate brand identity: reputation, culture, positioning, personality, relationships network, presentation style, communication, environmental influences and mission. Some are related with internal and others to external facets. The authorsare strongly encouraged to test these results empirically towards validity and reliability of the proposed construct.CIICES

Centenário da República: memórias da história na Biblioteca Nacional

Múltiplas foram as comemorações dos 100 anos da implantação da República Portuguesa, múltiplos os espaços de debate e reflexão, múltiplos os olhares sobre episódios e singularidades. Aproveitemos este número da Revista Polistécnica para entreabrir a porta a um outro espaço. Propomos, com estas linhas e, no âmbito deste centenário, contribuir para avaliar a forma como a Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal trabalhou sobre o tema e construiu o seu espaço próprio de memória, divulgando um dos mais importantes espólios de que é detentora. Entre outras que sinalizaremos, nada mais que a colecção dos periódicos portugueses, na clandestinidade, e que são na sua maioria material de valor excepcional para a história das ideias republicanas no nosso país. "Não tanto pela qualidade doutrinária dos mesmos ou pelo impacto que à época tivessem tido, mas porque marcam um salto qualitativo na posição do liberalismo mais radical em relação à questão do regime." (Pereira Marques, F., BN

Métodos estatísticos aplicados a estudo da distribuição territorial das desigualdades sociais em Cabo Verde

As desigualdades sociais vêm sendo estudadas há vários anos, no entanto a sua mais-valia para a elaboração de estratégias políticas para a sua diminuição iniciou com o desenvolvimento de medidas que as quantificam. O aparecimento da análise e ferramentas de estatística espacial permitiu estudar as desigualdades, não apenas em termos globais, mas também por regiões, por forma a serem comparáveis, e considerar a relação entre o fenómeno e o espaço. É objectivo deste trabalho explorar técnicas de análise e estatística espacial para caracterizar a distribuição espacial das desigualdades em Cabo Verde. Utilizam-se índices para quantificar as desigualdades sociais em diferentes vertentes, como a desigualdade de género, económica, ambiental e em saúde. Para a realização do estudo foram utilizados dados oriundos dos inquéritos e recenseamento realizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde (INE-CV), dados do Ministério de Saúde e Conselho Nacional das Eleições (CNE), registados dos anos 2000 e 2010 a 2015. A quantificação da desigualdade económica e em saúde, deu-se através do índice de Gini e índice de concentração, respectivamente, e as desigualdades de género e ambiental através de medidas sintéticas. Utilizaram-se medidas de estatística descritiva, a análise de autocorrelação para averiguar a associação espacial entre concelhos, a análise de Hot Spot para identificar concelhos com desigualdade elevada e a análise de clusters, para identificar concelhos semelhantes. Recorreu-se ao software de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (ArcGIS), para a análise e estatística espacial, SPSS, para análises clássicas (não espacial) e Excel para organização dos dados e cálculos intermédios. A desigualdade social abrange todo o país, sendo mais concentrada ao norte das ilhas de Santo Antão, Santiago e Fogo. A desigualdade de género apresenta um desvio menos significativo da desigualdade quando comparado a desigualdade ambiental. Os concelhos da ilha de Santiago são semelhantes, com excepção do concelho da Praia. Com o passar dos anos verificou-se semelhança entre os concelhos próximos e que partilham a mesma fronteira.The Social inequalities have been studied for several years, however its added value to the elaboration of political strategies for its decrease has begun with the development of measures that quantify them. The emergence of the analysis and tools of spatial statistics has allowed to study inequalities, not only in global terms, but also by regions, in order to be comparable, and to consider the relationship between the phenomenon and space. It is the objective of this work to explore techniques of analysis and spatial statistics to characterize the spatial distribution of inequalities in Cape Verde. Indexes are used to quantify social inequalities in different strands such as gender inequality, economic, environmental and health. For the realization of the study, data originating from the surveys and census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Cape Verde (INE-CV), data from the Ministry of Health and National Council of Elections (CNE), registered from the years 2000 and 2010 to 2015. The quantification of economic and health inequality is given by the index of Gini and concentration index, respectively, and gender and environmental inequalities through synthetic measures. Descriptive statistical measures were used the autocorrelation analysis to ascertain the spatial association between municipalities, the analysis of Hot Spot to identify municipalities with high inequality and the analysis of clusters, to identify similar municipalities. The software of Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS), for analysis spatial and statistics, SPSS, for classical (nonspatial) analyses, and Excel for organizing data and intermediate calculations. Social inequality covers the whole country, being more concentrated north of the islands of Santo Antão, Santiago and fire. Gender inequality shows a less significant deviation from inequality when compared to environmental inequality. The municipalities of the island of Santiago are similar, except for the municipality of the beach. Over the years, there was a similarity between the nearby municipalities and sharing the same frontier

Identity – towards a conceptualization

The development of economical relations increases the interaction between organizations and stakeholders. It is no more acceptable to manage an organization under a transactional perspective where suppliers had a fundamental role. Nowadays organizations are being managed under a relational perspective where relations and relationship management in general have consequences in identity management (Hakansson e Snehota, 1989, 1995). A correct perception and management of identity is necessary to achieve distinctiveness in the competitive environment. This way, identity is influenced by relations with stakeholders in general and particularly with competitors. The ICIG concept states that identity is related with the values of the organization and it helps creating distinctiveness in the competitive environment (Van Riel, Balmer, 1997); Baker and Balmer (1997) state that identity is what the organization is; Suvatjis and de Chernatony (2005) refer that expressing identity is a dynamic process that evolves the use of a management model to face context changes; Kapferer (1991) states that brand identity is the project, the self conception of the brand. After reviewing and confronting literature under the plethora of identities’ concepts and perspectives (He, Balmer, 2007) one can’t find an integrative answer with all the elements that contribute to identity of organizations. The authors are strongly interested to contribute to the elimination of this limitation and to answer to strategic management needs. In a marketing context one can find: - the corporate identity approach that is focused in the distinctive attributes of an organization (Abratt, Balmer, Marwick e Fill, Stuart, Balmer and Gray, Alessandri, Suvatjis and de Chernatony) - the brand identity approach (related with the application of corporate identity studies to brands) - Kapferer, Semprini, Aaker, de Chernatony). Kapferer (1991), one of the most prolific authors in this field was the first author to integrate identity in a brand concept. In his view, identity is an emission concept. This idea is shared also by Aaker (1996). Yet, identity has to be managed in a competitive environment which is constantly changing. After reviewing and confronting literature, authors select concepts that are generally accepted by the investigators in order to design a model to analyze and manage identity: - corporate identity models: personality, image/reputation, culture, philosophy, mission, strategy, structure, communication - some of these concepts derive from identity models and others from identity management models; - brand identity models – Kapferer (1991, 2008) identity prism, witch is basis of literature in this field: culture, physical facet, personality, relationship (between brand and consumer), reflected consumer, consumers` self-concept. After discussion authors decide to include other concept in line with other authors` view: country of origin (Aaker, 1996). A discussion eliminates the twin concepts and the final selection is as follows: personality, image/reputation, culture (including philosophy and mission), strategy, structure, communication, culture, physical facet, relationship (between brand and consumer), reflected consumer, consumers` self-concept and according to authors` reflections “relationships” deriving from competitors` actions in competitive environment. Competitors’ actions and decisions have a stronger influence in the organizations` positioning than any other stakeholder as stated before. This is a work in progress towards a new model in identity analysis and management so an exploratory study will follow inquiring experts on identity in order to evaluate these concepts and correct the theoretical perspectives.CIICES

Gender bias in the images of text books of english for secondary education

El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer en qué medida existe un sesgo de género en los materiales docentes utilizados para la enseñanza del inglés en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria a través de las imágenes reales contenidas en los libros de dos prestigiosas editoriales. A partir de unos indicadores determinados, se realiza un estudio estadístico descriptivo que proporciona información cuantitativa sobre los estereotipos y modelos presentados al alumnado. Esta información se completa con un análisis cualitativo basado en una adaptación del modelo propuesto por Cunningsworth (1995). A la luz de los datos obtenidos, se realiza un estudio comparativo para determinar el sesgo de género en los libros de texto y establecer qué áreas precisarían una intervención.The objective of this article is to detect the gender bias contained in the images of the coursebooks of English as a Second Language of two prestigious publishing houses at Secondary Education level. Based on some specific indicators, a longitudinal study is conducted to provide quantitative information on the stereotypes and models presented to the students. In addition, this information is complemented by a qualitative analysis based on an adaptation of Cunningsworth´s model (1995). In the light of the data obtained, a longitudinal and comparative study is carried out to determine how gender inequality is reflected. Indications for future intervention are suggested