Análisis Bioeconómico De Las Pesquerías De Camarón Blanco Del Pacífico Colombiano

Objetivo: Realizar un estudio de las principales variables económicas, biológicas y pesqueras del recurso camarón blanco (Litopenaeus occidentalis) del Pacífico colombiano. Metodología: Se recopilaron 49 años de datos de captura y esfuerzo, complementados con información de tallas y peso que permitieron utilizar modelos de producción excedente y bioeconómicos (modelo Gordon- Schaefer) de esta manera. Resultados: Se determinó que el recurso está siendo sometido a un sobreesfuerzo lo cual ha obligado a la realización de diferentes periodos de veda. Conclusiones: Se pudo determinar que el punto de referencia límite como rendimiento máximo sostenible fue de 808 ton con un esfuerzo correspondiente de 54 motonaves/año y el punto de referencia objetivo como el rendimiento máximo económico de 760 ton con un esfuerzo correspondiente de 41 motonaves/año, los cuales ya han sobrepasado sus niveles registrando capturas anuales que no superan las 200 ton/año.AbstractObjective: To conduct a study of the major economic, biological and fishing variables of the white shrimp (Litopenaeus occidentalis) resource from the Colombian Pacific. Method: 49 years of catch and effort data were compiled, complemented with information on size and weight that allowed to use surplus and bio-economic (Gordon-Schaefer model) production models. Results: It was found that the resource is being subjected to great stress which has forced the realization of different periods of closure. Conclusions: It was possible to determine that the limit point of reference as maximum sustainable yield was 808 tons with a corresponding effort of 54 motorboats/year and the target reference point as the maximum economic yield of 760 tons with a corresponding effort of 41 motorboats/year, which have already exceeded their levels recording annual catches that do not exceed 200 ton/year.Objetivo: Realizar un estudio de las principales variables económicas, biológicas y pesqueras del recurso camarón blanco (Litopenaeus occidentalis) del Pacífico colombiano. Metodología: Se recopilaron 49 años de datos de captura y esfuerzo, complementados con información de tallas y peso que permitieron utilizar modelos de producción excedente y bioeconómicos (modelo Gordon- Schaefer) de esta manera. Resultados: Se determinó que el recurso está siendo sometido a un sobreesfuerzo lo cual ha obligado a la realización de diferentes periodos de veda. Conclusiones: Se pudo determinar que el punto de referencia límite como rendimiento máximo sostenible fue de 808 ton con un esfuerzo correspondiente de 54 motonaves/año y el punto de referencia objetivo como el rendimiento máximo económico de 760 ton con un esfuerzo correspondiente de 41 motonaves/año, los cuales ya han sobrepasado sus niveles registrando capturas anuales que no superan las 200 ton/año.AbstractObjective: To conduct a study of the major economic, biological and fishing variables of the white shrimp (Litopenaeus occidentalis) resource from the Colombian Pacific. Method: 49 years of catch and effort data were compiled, complemented with information on size and weight that allowed to use surplus and bio-economic (Gordon-Schaefer model) production models. Results: It was found that the resource is being subjected to great stress which has forced the realization of different periods of closure. Conclusions: It was possible to determine that the limit point of reference as maximum sustainable yield was 808 tons with a corresponding effort of 54 motorboats/year and the target reference point as the maximum economic yield of 760 tons with a corresponding effort of 41 motorboats/year, which have already exceeded their levels recording annual catches that do not exceed 200 ton/year

Characterization and status of the fisheries in Porce II Reservoir (Antioquia)

RESUMEN: En Colombia, las evaluaciones sobre el conocimiento del uso del recurso pesquero en embalses y las medidas posteriores tomadas para su ordenación son escasas. Es por esto que el objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión y compilación de la información sobre la pesquería y algunas medidas de ordenación recomendadas para el embalse Porce II, el cual fue construido con fines de generación de energía. Entre noviembre de 2011 y octubre de 2012, en un ambiente híper-eutrofizado, se registró una riqueza de dieciocho especies de peces siendo nueve de estas de uso pesquero, de las cuales seis fueron exóticas. Adicionalmente, se registró una especie de crustáceo (Macrobrachium sp.) como aporte a la seguridad alimentaria local. Sesenta y siete pescadores artesanales ejercieron la actividad extractiva y generaron capturas que ascendieron a 238 toneladas, representadas en un 99% por tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus y Tilapia sp.). La captura por unidad de esfuerzo (cpue) fluctuó entre 8,1 y 34,7 kg/UEP/día con un promedio de 15,2 kg/UEP/día. Las capturas aportaron el 70% de los ingresos económicos locales y contribuyeron de manera significativa con la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades circundantes. Los análisis de estado del recurso indican que las dos especies que sustentan la pesquería artesanal podrían soportar mayores niveles de aprovechamiento. Por último, se discuten algunos riesgos e incertidumbres que posee la propuesta del plan de ordenación pesquera formulada para el embalse.ABSTRACT: The assessment of fishing resources in reservoirs and the implementation of measures for their management are scarce in Colombia. It is for this reason that the objective of this article is to present information on fishery and management measures for the Porce II, a hydroelectric generation purposes dam. From November 2011 to October 2012, eighteen fish species were collected from the reservoir, nine of which are harvested for food, six of which are exotic. Additionally, a species of shrimp (Macrobrachium sp.) was found to be an important element of local communities’ food security. Sixty-seven fishermen are registered and the annual catches are 238 metric tonnes, 99% of which are tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia sp.). The catch per unit effort (cpue) fluctuated between 8.1 and 34.7 kg/FEU/day (average 15.2 kg/FEU/day). Catches constituted 70% of the local economic income and also contributed significantly to food security to local communities. The two principal species could support higher exploitation levels and there are several risks and uncertainties for the implementation of the fishing management plan formulated for the Porce II Reservoir

Correction of a lunar-irradiance model for aerosol optical depth retrieval and comparison with a star photometer

The emergence of Moon photometers is allowing measurements of lunar irradiance over the world and increasing the potential to derive aerosol optical depth (AOD) at night-time, which is very important in polar areas. Actually, new photometers implement the latest technological advances that permit lunar-irradiance measurements together with classical Sun photometry measurements. However, a proper use of these instruments for AOD retrieval requires accurate time-dependent knowledge of the extraterrestrial lunar irradiance over time due to its fast change throughout the Moon's cycle. This paper uses the RIMO (ROLO Implementation for Moon's Observation) model (an implementation of the ROLO – RObotic Lunar Observatory – model) to estimate the AOD at night-time assuming that the calibration of the solar channels can be transferred to the Moon by a vicarious method. However, the obtained AOD values using a Cimel CE318-T Sun–sky–Moon photometer for 98 pristine nights with low and stable AOD at the Izaña Observatory (Tenerife, Spain) are not in agreement with the expected (low and stable) AOD values estimated by linear interpolations from daytime values obtained during the previous evening and the following morning. Actually, AOD calculated using RIMO shows negative values and with a marked cycle dependent on the optical air mass. The differences between the AOD obtained using RIMO and the expected values are assumed to be associated with inaccuracies in the RIMO model, and these differences are used to calculate the RIMO correction factor (RCF). The RCF is a proposed correction factor that, multiplied by the RIMO value, gives an effective extraterrestrial lunar irradiance that provides AOD closer to the expected values. The RCF varies with the Moon phase angle (MPA) and with wavelength, ranging from 1.01 to 1.14, which reveals an overall underestimation of RIMO compared to the lunar irradiance. These obtained RCF values are modelled for each photometer wavelength to a second-order polynomial as a function of MPA. The AOD derived by this proposed method is compared with the independent AOD measurements obtained by a star photometer at Granada (Spain) for 2 years. The mean of the Moon–star AOD differences is between −0.015 and −0.005, and the standard deviation (SD) is between 0.03 and 0.04 (which is reduced to about 0.01 if 1 month of data affected by instrumental issues is not included in the analysis) for 440, 500, 675, and 870 nm; however, for 380 nm, the mean and standard deviation of these differences are higher. The Moon–star AOD differences are also analysed as a function of MPA, showing no significant dependence.This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant no. RTI2018-097864-b-I00); the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant nos. CGL2016-81092-R and CGL2017-90884-REDT); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. ACTRIS IMP 871115); and the Andalusia Regional Government (grant no. P18-RT-3820)

Izaña Atmospheric Research Center. Activity Report 2019-2020

Editors: Emilio Cuevas, Celia Milford and Oksana Tarasova.[EN]The Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), which is part of the State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), is a site of excellence in atmospheric science. It manages four observatories in Tenerife including the high altitude Izaña Atmospheric Observatory. The Izaña Atmospheric Observatory was inaugurated in 1916 and since that date has carried out uninterrupted meteorological and climatological observations, contributing towards a unique 100-year record in 2016. This reports are a summary of the many activities at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center to the broader community. The combination of operational activities, research and development in state-of-the-art measurement techniques, calibration and validation and international cooperation encompass the vision of WMO to provide world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and related environmental issues.[ES]El Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña (CIAI), que forma parte de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología de España (AEMET), representa un centro de excelencia en ciencias atmosféricas. Gestiona cuatro observatorios en Tenerife, incluido el Observatorio de Izaña de gran altitud, inaugurado en 1916 y que desde entonces ha realizado observaciones meteorológicas y climatológicas ininterrumpidas y se ha convertido en una estación centenaria de la OMM. Estos informes resumen las múltiples actividades llevadas a cabo por el Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña. El liderazgo del Centro en materia de investigación y desarrollo con respecto a las técnicas de medición, calibración y validación de última generación, así como la cooperación internacional, le han otorgado una reputación sobresaliente en lo que se refiere al tiempo, el clima, la hidrología y otros temas ambientales afines

NEXTGENDEM: información genética, geoespacial y supercomputación para mejorar la gestión de especies y espacios en Macaronesia

Project NEXTGENDEM (MAC2/4.6d/236, https://lupus.itccanarias.org/nextgendem/es/) complements multiple research disciplines to provide verified and validated scientific data that help managers make more informed conservation decisions. As a result of the mobilization and enrichment of the sample and data banks of the Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo” -UA CSIC and the Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário de Cabo Verde, tools will be developed for the estimation of phylogenetic diversity of the terrestrial endemic flora of these islands, the approximation to the molecular taxonomic identification of samples, phylogenetic reconstruction, and territorial analysis merging biotic and abiotic variables. Our main objective is to organise, analyse and apply the most relevant scientific knowledge to guide in situ and ex situ actions to improve the conservation status of the flora of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) and Santiago (Cape Verde), although we plan to incorporate other Macaronesian territories in future projectsEl proyecto NEXTGENDEM (MAC2/4.6d/236, https://lupus.itccanarias.org/nextgendem/es/) complementa múltiples disciplinas de investigación para proporcionar datos científicos contrastados y validados que faciliten a los gestores la toma de decisiones de conservación más informadas. A consecuencia de la movilización y el enriquecimiento de los bancos de muestras y datos del Jardín Botánico Canario ¿Viera y Clavijo¿ ¿ UA CSIC y del Instituto Nacional de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Agrário de Cabo Verde, se pondrán a punto herramientas para la estimación de la diversidad filogenética de la flora terrestre insular, la aproximación a la identificación taxonómica molecular de muestras, la reconstrucción de filogenias, y el análisis territorial integrado con variables bióticas y abióticas. Nuestro objetivo principal es organizar, analizar y aplicar el conocimiento científico más relevante para guiar actuaciones in situ y ex situ que mejoren el estado de conservación de las floras de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias) y Santiago (Cabo Verde), aunque prevemos incorporar otros territorios macaronésicos en futuros proyecto

Izaña Atmospheric Research Center. Activity Report 2015-2016

This report is a summary of the many activities at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center to the broader community. The combination of operational activities, research and development in state-of-the-art measurement techniques, calibration and validation and international cooperation encompass the vision of WMO to provide world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and related environmental issues

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined effects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation: The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing effect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the global response to non-communicable diseases. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd