Combining advantages from parameters in modeling and control of discrete event systems

Although Finite-State Automata (FSA) have been successfully used in modeling and control of Discrete Event Systems (DESs), they are limited to represent complex and advanced features of DESs, such as context recognition and switching. The literature has suggested that a FSA can nevertheless be enriched with parameters properly collected from the modeled system, so that this favors design and control. A parameter can be embedded either on transitions or states. However, each approach is structured within a specific framework, so that their comparison and integration are not straightforward and they may lead to different control solutions, modeled, computed and implemented using distinct strategies. In this paper, we show how to combine advantages from parameters in modeling and control of DESs. Each approach is structured and their advantages are identified and exemplified. Then, we propose a conversion method that allows to translate a design-friendly model into a synthesis-efficient structure. Examples illustrate the approach.CNPq, under grant number 402145/2016-0, 09, Araucaria Foundation, CAPES, and FINEP, and partially supported by ERDF - The European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation - COMPETE 2020 Programme, and by National Funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within project POCI- ˆ 01-0145-FEDER-030947 (KLEE

COMPARISON BETWEEN ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS AND NITROBENZENE OXIDATION FOR DETERMINATION OF SYRINGYL/GUAIACYL RATIO IN Eucalyptus spp. LIGNIN

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was applied to measure the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in E. dunni, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. urograndis, and E. urophylla woods. A total of 41 compounds were identified, of which 11 were derived from carbo-hydrates and 30 from lignins. The S/G ratio was calculated on the basis of the areas of peaks recorded in the pyrograms and compared with the results obtained by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation. The values of S/G found by pyrolysis were similar for all the species using the compounds guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol, vanillin, 4-ethylsyringol, 4-vinylsyringol, homosyringaldehyde, acetosyringone, and syringylacetone, as lignin markers. The selected markers were efficient for the deter-mination of S/G ratio in eucalyptus wood by Py-GC-MS. The Py-GC-MS technique produced results that are comparable to the nitrobenzene oxidation method, with the advantage of requiring small wood samples and a short analysis time

Determinação da relação siringila/guaiacila da lignina em madeiras de eucalipto por pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas ( PI - CG/ EM)

The use of analytical pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to determine the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (S/G) in lignins from Eucalyptus spp woods was investigated. Sample of E. grandis and "E. urograndis" wood, with and without extractives, were subjected to pyrolysis from 300 ºC to 600 ºC. The products that results from pyrolysis were identified by mass spectrometry and the S/G ratio was determined based on the areas of the peaks corresponding to the guaiacyl and syringyl derivatives. The best S/G estimation is achieved when pyrolysis is carried out at 550 ºC. Extractives and carbohydrate present in the woods do not interfere with the results

Comparative Analysis of Continuous versus Reciprocating Instruments in Retreatment of Flat-oval Root Canals

Introduction: Flat-oval root canals of incisors can be problematic in retreatments. This study assessed the efficacy of continuous and reciprocating rotation instruments in retreatment of flat-oval root canals in lower incisors via micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). File systems studied were ProTaper universal retreatment rotary system associated with ProTaper Next (PTUR+PTN), D-RaCe associated with iRaCe (DR+iR), Reciproc (REC), and WaveOne (WO). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two mandibular incisors with flat root canal were divided into 4 groups (n=8). The groups were initially prepared with PTN, iRaCe, REC, and WO, then instrumented, filled, and subjected to micro-CT analyses. All the canals were then retreated with the PTUR+PTN, DR+iR, REC, and WO, and then subjected to new micro-CT analysis  which allowed quantification of residual filling material volume and change in the diameter of the root canal apical third. Endodontic retreatment time was also quantified. Data were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA and post hoc t tests. Results: None of the systems completely removed the filling material. The groups differed in terms of remnant filling material volume (PTUR+PTN=2.9±1.1 mm3; DR+iR=3.6±3.1 mm3; REC=4.9±1.9 mm3; WO=3.1±1.9 mm3) and retreatment time (PTUR+PTN=1:36±0:12 sec; DR+iR=0:57±0:13 sec; REC=2:10±0:44 sec; WO=2:03±0:31 sec), but had similar values in terms of change in apical root canal diameter (P>0.05). Conclusions: Based on this in vitro study, the type of endodontic instrument did not affect the diameter of the root canal apical third. However, PTUR with ProTaper Next had the lowest residual filling material volume and second lowest retreatment time, in flat-oval root canals in mandibular incisors

Water regimes and bean cultivar effects on the soil porous system characteristics

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a crop of great economic and social impacts in Brazil. This crop is extremely appreciated by the Brazilian population and an important source of protein. Usually the small farmers are responsible by the largest production of the bean in Brazil. This work deals with the analysis of the effect of different water regimes (35, 28, 21 and 14%) on the porous system of a soil cropped with two distinct cultivars (Campos Gerais and Tuiuiú). Soil water retention curve (SWRC) and its derivative were utilized with the aim of investigating the changes in the porous system. Pore size distribution was also evaluated. The experiment was carried out at a greenhouse and the soil water content for the different water regimes was monitored by means of a TDR. Four undisturbed samples were collected from each wooden bed (eight) for the physic-hydrical characterization. Discrepancies in the SWRC were noticed for the region of small pressure heads. Differences were not observed between bean cultivars to SWRC. However, the water capacity function was sensitive to show differences in the soil porous system due to the treatments and cultivars. The lowest water regimes promoted the highest volume of fissures (big pores >250 µm) and, consequently, the highest ones had the largest volume of storage pores (<25 µm)

Constituintes químicos de Bombacopsis glabra ( bombacaceae)

The chemical study of the barks of the stem and roots of Bombacopsis glabra (Bombacaceae) led to the isolation and identification of 5-hydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (2), the naphtoquinone isohemigossypolone (3), the ester triacontil p-coumarate (4) besides lupeol and a mixture of b-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including IR, 1H and 13C NMR and MS. All these compounds, except 3, were isolated for the first time in the family

Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on propofol pharmacokinetics and bispectral index during coronary surgery

PURPOSE: Cardiopulmonary bypass is known to alter propofol pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of these alterations on postoperative pharmacodynamics. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that changes in propofol pharmacokinetics increase hypnotic effects after cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Twenty patients scheduled for on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (group, n=10) or off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (group, n=10) coronary artery bypass grafts were anesthetized with sufentanil and a propofol target controlled infusion (2.0 µg/mL). Depth of hypnosis was monitored using the bispectral index. Blood samples were collected from the induction of anesthesia up to 12 hours after the end of propofol infusion, at predetermined intervals. Plasma propofol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by a non-compartmental propofol pharmacokinetic analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: After cardiopulmonary bypass, despite similar plasma propofol concentrations in both groups, bispectral index values were lower in the on-pump coronary artery bypass graft group. Time to extubation after the end of propofol infusion was greater in the on-pump coronary artery bypass graft group (334 ± 117 vs. 216 ± 85 min, p = 0.04). Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass had shorter biological (1.82 ± 0.5 vs. 3.67 ± 1.15h, p < 0.01) and terminal elimination (6.27 ± 1.29 vs. 10.5h ± 2.18, p < 0.01) half-life values, as well as higher total plasma clearance (28.36 ± 11.40 vs.18.29 ± 7.67 mL/kg/min, p = 0.03), compared to patients in the off-pump coronary artery bypass graft group. CONCLUSION: Aside from the increased sensitivity of the brain to anesthetics after cardiopulmonary bypass, changes in propofol pharmacokinetics may contribute to its central nervous system effects

Estratégias no enfrentamento da crise hídrica a partir da avaliação do comportamento de consumidores brasileiros e portugueses

Esta pesquisa, empreendida sob a forma de um survey, foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de verificar qual o comportamento ambiental de consumidores brasileiros e portugueses em relação à água disponibilizada pelas redes públicas de abastecimento. A justificativa do estudo dá-se em razão da crise hídrica enfrentada pela Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), buscando elementos para melhor caracterizar esse comportamento do ponto de vista ambiental. Isso permitirá a concepção de estratégias de enfrentamento da crise, tendo em perspectiva o comportamento dos consumidores. Isso foi feito a partir da comparação entre grupos com semelhanças culturais e históricas e que enfrentam realidades hídricas distintas. Após levantamento bibliográfico específico, incluindo o estabelecimento de um panorama sobre o abastecimento de água na RMSP, foi desenvolvido um questionário com 36 assertivas e utilizada uma escala do tipo Likert. O instrumento de pesquisa foi aplicado a 278 estudantes de graduação no Brasil (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo) e em 223 estudantes em Portugal (Região Metropolitana do Porto), num total de 501 entrevistados. O tratamento estatístico escolhido foi a análise fatorial exploratória, buscando validar a escala construída, sendo complementada por outras estratégias analíticas. Verificou-se que, em relação às práticas de economia de água, há similaridades entre portugueses e brasileiros, embora as motivações sejam distintas. Para os portugueses há um componente ambiental significativo, com a economia decorrendo de uma atitude ambiental mais pronunciada. Os brasileiros, por sua vez, economizam água mais por razões econômicas ligadas à escassez de um insumo do que por motivações de ordem ambiental.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chemical Constituents from Bombacopsis glabra (Pasq.) A. Robyns: Complete ¹H and 13C NMR Assignments and X Ray Structure of 5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone

The flavone 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone (1) and the triterpenes lupenone, 9,19-cyclolanost-23-ene-3beta,25-diol (2), (24R)-9,19-cyclolanost-25-ene-3beta,24-diol (3) and (24S)-9,19-cyclolanost-25-ene-3beta,24-diol (4) were isolated from the hexane extract of the stem bark of Bombacopsis glabra (Bombacaceae). The structures were determined by 13C and ¹H NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectrometry, and by comparison with literature data for triterpenes. The structure of the flavone 1 was unambiguously confirmed by a X-ray diffraction study. The five substances were isolated for the first time from Bombacaceae species