Evaluación histológica del efecto de enzimas con actividad depilatoria sobre piel vacuna

La industria curtidora genera una variedad de desechos potencialmente tóxicos que dependen del proceso de depilado utilizado. Para atenuar esta contaminación, se desarrollaron sistemas alternativos de depilado, entre ellos el enzimático. En la epidermis, a nivel del estrato corneo, se ubican lípidos que ocupan casi por completo el espacio intercelular entre los queratinocitos y desempeñan un importante papel como barrera hidrofóbica. Esta barrera debe transformarse para permitir el paso de las enzimas depilatorias hacia sus sitios de acción: folículo piloso/pelo y membrana basal. Las estructuras mencionadas deben eliminarse sin dañar el colágeno, proteína determinante de la calidad del cuero. Sobre trozos de piel bovina fueron analizados los efectos de diferentes pretratamientos tendientes a favorecer la penetración de enzimas depilatorias. Se utilizaron tensioactivos y sulfito de sodio como pretratamiento y posteriormente tratamientos con proteasas comerciales, una de origen pancréático y otra alcalina. El control fue tratado con buffer de bicarbonato de sodio. Las muestras se colorearon con Hematoxilina Eosina y Tricrómico de Masson. En los cortes sometidos a acción enzimática se encontraron cambios en el colágeno que podrían alterar la calidad del cuero.Se concluye que el estudio histológico de la piel permite evaluar los cambios que pueden ocasionar los tratamientos que se realizan para convertirla en cuero

Effect of Recovery Modality on Rate of Force Development, Vertical Jump, and Lactate Clearance

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Chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentation in the plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) - A caviomorph rodent with natural polyovulation

Objectives: Reproduction in the plains viscacha is characterized by the polyovulation of hundreds of oocytes, the loss of implantation and the development of 1-3 offspring. Our goal was to determine whether placental development was affected by these specializations. Study design: Thirteen placentas from early pregnancy to near-term pregnancy were analyzed using histological, immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy. Results: An inverted, villous yolk sac was present. Placentas were formed by the trophospongium, labyrinth and subplacenta. A lobulated structure with a hemomonochorial barrier was established early in pregnancy. Proliferating trophoblast that was clustered at the outer border and inside the labyrinth was responsible for placental growth. Trophoblast invasion resulted from the cellular trophoblast and syncytial streamers derived from the subplacenta. Different from other caviomorphs, numerous giant cells were observed. Conclusions: The principle processes of placentation in caviomorphs follow an extraordinarily stable pattern that is independent of specializations, such as polyovulation.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Characterization of interstitial cells of Cajal in bowel of cattle (Bos taurus)

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been described in the gastrointestinal tract of different mammals including humans, horses, pigs, rats, dogs, mice and guinea-pigs. In the present study, ICC were identified in the jejunum of Bos taurus using polyclonal anti-c-Kit antibodies in immunohistochemical assays. Vimentin and desmin intermediate filaments were also determined using monoclonal antibodies. ICC were found in the tunica muscularis either in a palisade distribution pattern between the outer longitudinal and the inner circular layers (ICC-MP) or freely distributed in clusters in the longitudinal layer (ICC-LM). Morphometric studies determined that ICC have a fusiform shape presenting cytoplasmic prolongations. ICC were positive to c-Kit and vimentin antigens but negative to desmin. We have observed and described for the first time the presence of ICC in a ruminant. As observed in the aforementioned mammals, bovine ICC were associated with the myenteric plexus. Nevertheless, the presence of widespread ICC in the longitudinal muscular layer of the jejunum differs from previously described studies of other mammals.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Nitric oxide-mediated oxidative damage and the progressive demise of motor neurons in ALS

Oxidative damage is a common and early feature of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Dr. Mark Smith and his colleagues have built the case for oxidative stress being a primary progenitor rather than a secondary end-stage epiphenomenon of neurodegeneration. They proposed that reactive oxygen species contribute to the “age-related cascade of neurodegeneration” whereby accumulative oxidative damage with age promotes other characteristic pathological changes in afflicted brain regions, including protein aggregation, metabolic deficiencies, and inflammation. Nitric oxide (NO) likely plays a critical role in this age-related cascade. NO is a major signaling molecule produced in the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate neurological activity through stimulating cyclic GMP synthesis. However, the same physiological concentrations of NO relevant in cellular signaling may also initiate and amplify oxidative damage by diffusion-limited reactions with superoxide (O₂[superscript •−]) to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). This is perhaps best illustrated in ALS where physiological levels of NO promote survival of motor neurons, but the same concentrations can stimulate motor neuron apoptosis and glial cell activation under pathological conditions. While these changes represent a complex mechanism involving multiple cell types in the pathogenesis of ALS, they also reveal general processes underlying neurodegeneration.Keywords: peroxynitrite, protein nitration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, nitric oxide, neurodegenerationKeywords: peroxynitrite, protein nitration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, nitric oxide, neurodegeneratio

Influence of porosity on the critical currents of trifluoroacetate-MOD YBa2Cu3O7 films

The influence of porosity on the superconducting properties have been investigated on YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ thin films deposited on LaAlO/sub 3/ [100] substrates by the so-called Trifluoroacetate (TFA) route. Micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the concentration of c-axis grains /spl delta/ in different samples and their influence on the final film porosity as observed from SEM imaging. This has been compared with measurements of resistivity and critical currents in the same samples. We prove that this /spl delta/ fraction is the main parameter controlling the porosity and hence the normal-state resistivity of the thin films. The optimization of the microstructure of these YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ TFA films allow to have high critical currents : J/sub c/ = 3 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 77 K

Histologically evaluation of the action of depilatory enzimes on bovine skin: a prelimary study

La industria curtidora genera una variedad de desechos potencialmente tóxicos que dependen del proceso de depilado utilizado. Para atenuar esta contaminación, se desarrollaron sistemas alternativos de depilado, entre ellos el enzimático. En la epidermis, a nivel del estrato corneo, se ubican lípidos que ocupan casi por completo el espacio intercelular entre los queratinocitos y desempeñan un importante papel como barrera hidrofóbica. Esta barrera debe transformarse para permitir el paso de las enzimas depilatorias hacia sus sitios de acción: folículo piloso/pelo y membrana basal. Las estructuras mencionadas deben eliminarse sin dañar el colágeno, proteína determinante de la calidad del cuero. Sobre trozos de piel bovina fueron analizados los efectos de diferentes pretratamientos tendientes a favorecer la penetración de enzimas depilatorias. Se utilizaron tensioactivos y sulfito de sodio como pretratamiento y posteriormente tratamientos con proteasas comerciales, una de origen pancréático y otra alcalina. El control fue tratado con buffer de bicarbonato de sodio. Las muestras se colorearon con Hematoxilina Eosina y Tricrómico de Masson. En los cortes sometidos a acción enzimática se encontraron cambios en el colágeno que podrían alterar la calidad del cuero.Se concluye que el estudio histológico de la piel permite evaluar los cambios que pueden ocasionar los tratamientos que se realizan para convertirla en cuero.Leather industry produces potentially hazardous waste which depends of the unhairing process employed by the tannery.To diminish pollution, modified unhairing systems had been developed enzymatic among them. It is important to know the processes enzymes have to go trough, to reach its site of action. In the epidermis at stratum corneum, corneocytes are surrounded by lipids which plays a crucial role as hydrophobic barrier. This barrier must be transformed to allow the enzymes reach its site of action: the follicle-hair and basal membrane. That structures must be eliminated without collagen damage. Collagen is the principal protein related with leather quality. In this study, the effect of different treatments to allow enzyme depilatory passage through epidermis, was analyzed in bovine skin pieces. First, surfactants and sodium sulphite were employed as penetration enhancers followed by and alkaline and pancreatic proteases. Bicarbonate buffer was used as control. Samples were treated with histological techniques; Hematoxilin and Eosin and Masson‘s Trichrome stain. In the samples under enzymatic treatment, the changes that we have found, could be responsible of leather alteration. Histological study allows to evaluate the changes produced by the process of transforming bovine skin in to leather.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Post-paralysis tyrosine kinase inhibition with masitinib abrogates neuroinflammation and slows disease progression in inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background: In the SOD1G93A mutant rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neuronal death and rapid paralysis progression are associated with the emergence of activated aberrant glial cells that proliferate in the degenerating spinal cord. Whether pharmacological downregulation of such aberrant glial cells will decrease motor neuron death and prolong survival is unknown. We hypothesized that proliferation of aberrant glial cells is dependent on kinase receptor activation, and therefore, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib (AB1010) could potentially control neuroinflammation in the rat model of ALS. Methods: The cellular effects of pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine kinases with masitinib were analyzed in cell cultures of microglia isolated from aged symptomatic SOD1G93A rats. To determine whether masitinib prevented the appearance of aberrant glial cells or modified post-paralysis survival, the drug was orally administered at 30 mg/kg/day starting after paralysis onset. Results: We found that masitinib selectively inhibited the tyrosine kinase receptor colony-stimulating factor 1R (CSF-1R) at nanomolar concentrations. In microglia cultures from symptomatic SOD1G93A spinal cords, masitinib prevented CSF-induced proliferation, cell migration, and the expression of inflammatory mediators. Oral administration of masitinib to SOD1G93A rats starting after paralysis onset decreased the number of aberrant glial cells, microgliosis, and motor neuron pathology in the degenerating spinal cord, relative to vehicle-treated rats. Masitinib treatment initiated 7 days after paralysis onset prolonged post-paralysis survival by 40 %. Conclusions: These data show that masitinib is capable of controlling microgliosis and the emergence/expansion of aberrant glial cells, thus providing a strong biological rationale for its use to control neuroinflammation in ALS. Remarkably, masitinib significantly prolonged survival when delivered after paralysis onset, an unprecedented effect in preclinical models of ALS, and therefore appears well-suited for treating ALS.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovació

Congenital Zika syndrome is associated with maternal protein malnutrition

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is associated with a spectrum of developmental impairments known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The prevalence of this syndrome varies across ZIKV endemic regions, suggesting that its occurrence could depend on cofactors. Here, we evaluate the relevance of protein malnutrition for the emergence of CZS. Epidemiological data from the ZIKV outbreak in the Americas suggest a relationship between undernutrition and cases of microcephaly. To experimentally examine this relationship, we use immunocompetent pregnant mice, which were subjected to protein malnutrition and infected with a Brazilian ZIKV strain. We found that the combination of protein restriction and ZIKV infection leads to severe alterations of placental structure and embryonic body growth, with offspring displaying a reduction in neurogenesis and postnatal brain size. RNA-seq analysis reveals gene expression deregulation required for brain development in infected low-protein progeny. These results suggest that maternal protein malnutrition increases susceptibility to CZS.Fil: Barbeito Andrés, Jimena. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; ArgentinaFil: Pezzuto, Paula. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Higa, Luiza. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Dias, André Alves. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Vasconcelos, Janaina. Universidade Federal do Pará; BrasilFil: Santos, T. M. P.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Ferreira, Jéssica. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Ferreira, R. O.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Dutra, F. F.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Rossi, A. D.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Barbosa, R. V.. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural E Bioimagem.; BrasilFil: Amorim, C. K. N.. Evandro Chagas Institute; BrasilFil: de Souza, M. P. C.. Evandro Chagas Institute; BrasilFil: Chimelli, L.. Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer ; BrasilFil: Aguiar, R. S.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Gonzalez, Paula Natalia. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; ArgentinaFil: Lara, F. A.. Oswaldo Cruz Institute; BrasilFil: Castro, M.C.. Harvard University. Harvard School of Public Health; Estados UnidosFil: Molnár, Z.. University of Oxford; Reino UnidoFil: Lopes, R. T.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Bozza, M. T.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Vianez, J. L. S. G.. Evandro Chagas Institute; BrasilFil: Barbeito, Claudio Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Cuervo, P.. Oswaldo Cruz Institute; BrasilFil: Bellio, M.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Tanuri, A.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Garcez, P. P.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasi

Optical interferometry-based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a trans-oceanic submarine cable

Optical fiber–based sensing technology can drastically improve Earth observations by enabling the use of existing submarine communication cables as seafloor sensors. Previous interferometric and polarization-based techniques demonstrated environmental sensing over cable lengths up to 10,500 kilometers. However, measurements were limited to the integrated changes over the entire length of the cable. We demonstrate the detection of earthquakes and ocean signals on individual spans between repeaters of a 5860-kilometer-long transatlantic cable rather than the whole cable. By applying this technique to the existing undersea communication cables, which have a repeater-to-repeater span length of 45 to 90 kilometers, the largely unmonitored ocean floor could be instrumented with thousands of permanent real-time environmental sensors without changes to the underwater infrastructure