IMI risk factors for myopia

Risk factor analysis provides an important basis for developing interventions for any condition. In the case of myopia, evidence for a large number of risk factors has been presented, but they have not been systematically tested for confounding. To be useful for designing preventive interventions, risk factor analysis ideally needs to be carried through to demonstration of a causal connection, with a defined mechanism. Statistical analysis is often complicated by covariation of variables, and demonstration of a causal relationship between a factor and myopia using Mendelian randomization or in a randomized clinical trial should be aimed for. When strict analysis of this kind is applied, associations between various measures of educational pressure and myopia are consistently observed. However, associations between more nearwork and more myopia are generally weak and inconsistent, but have been supported by meta-analysis. Associations between time outdoors and less myopia are stronger and more consistently observed, including by meta-analysis. Measurement of nearwork and time outdoors has traditionally been performed with questionnaires, but is increasingly being pursued with wearable objective devices. A causal link between increased years of education and more myopia has been confirmed by Mendelian randomization, whereas the protective effect of increased time outdoors from the development of myopia has been confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Other proposed risk factors need to be tested to see if they modulate these variables. The evidence linking increased screen time to myopia is weak and inconsistent, although limitations on screen time are increasingly under consideration as interventions to control the epidemic of myopia

IMI : global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice : 2022 update

PURPOSE. Surveys in 2015 and 2019 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern/activity about myopia, but the majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to provide updated information. METHODS. A self-administered, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in 13 languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally. The questions examined awareness of increasing myopia prevalence, perceived efficacy and adoption of available strategies, and reasons for not adopting specific strategies. RESULTS. Of the 3195 respondents, practitioners’ concern about the increasing frequency of pediatric myopia in their practices differed between continents (P < 0.001), being significantly higher in Asia (9.0 ± 1.5 of 10) than other continents (range 7.7–8.2; P ≤ 0.001). Overall, combination therapy was perceived by practitioners to be the most effective method of myopia control, followed by orthokeratology and pharmaceutical approaches. The least effective perceived methods were single vision distance undercorrection, spectacles and contact lenses, as well as bifocal spectacles. Practitioners rated their activity in myopia control between (6.6 ± 2.9 in South America to 7.9 ± 1.2/2.2 in Australasia and Asia). Single-vision spectacles are still the most prescribed option for progressing young myopia (32.2%), but this has decreased since 2019, and myopia control spectacles (15.2%), myopia control contact lenses (8.7%) and combination therapy (4.0%) are growing in popularity. CONCLUSIONS. More practitioners across the globe are practicing myopia control, but there are still significant differences between and within continents. Practitioners reported that embracing myopia control enhanced patient loyalty, increasing practice revenue and improving job satisfaction

Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details

Fargede filtre gir ikke rød-grønne fargesvake normal fargebedømmelse

Fargede filtre har i over 200 år blitt utprøvd for å bedre fargediskriminering hos rød-grønne fargesvake. Fargesvake som får kjennskap til slike filtre, kan få urealistiske forventninger til effekten disse kan ha på fargesynet. I denne kasuistikken belyses dette ved å studere tre fargesvake menn som har fått tilpasset fargede filtre. Alle tre ønsker å utdanne seg innenfor fagområder hvor det kreves normalt trikromatisk fargesyn: henholdsvis skipsfører, overstyrmann og flytekniker. For å se hvordan fargede filtre påvirker de fargesvakes resultater på fargesynstester, ble ChromaGen-filtre tilpasset og utprøvd, og kasusene ble testet med en rekke fargesynstester. Alle tre kasusene ble klassifisert til å ha deutansvakheter. Resultatene fra testing og utprøving av filtre blir diskutert i forhold til funksjonsforbedring og bruk, samt i forhold til etiske problemstillinger

Studentaktive vurderingsformer i norsk lærer- og optometriutdanning

Medstudentvurdering er en form for studentarbeid som er blitt tatt i bruk og forsket på i større omfang internasjonalt enn nasjonalt. Her presenteres to casestudier med bruk av medstudentvurdering fra to ulike profesjonsutdanninger i Norge: optikerutdanningen ved avdeling for optometri- og synsvitenskap og lærerutdanningen ved avdeling for lærerutdanning ved Høgskolen i Buskerud. Kombinasjonen medstudentvurdering og egenvurdering ble også prøvd ut. Artikkelen belyser erfaringer og utfordringer i forbindelse med planlegging og gjennomfø-ring samt analyse og diskusjon av studentenes evaluering av medstu-dentvurdering

Improved wide-field emmetropic human eye model based on ocular wavefront measurements and geometry-independent gradient index lens

There is a need to better understand the peripheral optics of the human eye and their correction. Current eye models have some limitations to accurately predict the wavefront errors for the emmetropic eye over a wide field. The aim here was to develop an anatomically correct optical model of the human eye that closely reproduces the wavefront of an average Caucasian-only emmetropic eye across a wide visual field. Using an optical design program, a schematic eye was constructed based on ocular wavefront measurements of the right eyes of thirty healthy young emmetropic individuals over a wide visual field (from 40&amp;#x00B0; nasal to 40&amp;#x00B0; temporal and up to 20&amp;#x00B0; inferior field). Anatomical parameters, asymmetries, and dispersion properties of the eye&amp;#x2019;s different optical components were taken into account. A geometry-independent gradient index model was employed to better represent the crystalline lens. The RMS wavefront error, wavefront shapes, dominant Zernike coefficients, nasal-temporal asymmetries, and dispersion properties of the developed schematic eye closely matched the corresponding measured values across the visual field. The developed model can help in the design of wide-field ophthalmic instruments and is useful in the study and simulations of the peripheral optics of the human eye

Single-cone imaging in inherited and acquired colour vision deficiencies

Colour vision deficiencies are common in humans and occur both as a consequence of inherited cone opsin mutations, altering the number or function of the different cone types expressed in the retina, and acquired through secondary disruption of cone function and structure. This review describes recent advances made in understanding colour vision deficiencies from combining knowledge about cone opsin genes with single-cone imaging in living humans. Examination of the effect of the opsin gene mutations upon the cone mosaic and colour vision phenotypes shows that not all inherited colour vision deficiencies are stationary and some inherited congenital eye diseases may cause impaired colour vision as a consequence of arrested development