50 research outputs found

    Experimental study of the function of the excreted/secreted Leishmania LmSIR2 protein by heterologous expression in eukaryotic cell line

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    BACKGROUND: In yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans, Silent Information Regulator (SIR2) proteins have been shown to be involved in ageing regulation. In Leishmania, the LmSIR2rp was originally isolated from the excreted/secreted material of the Leishmania parasites. Among the function(s) of this protein in Leishmania biology, we have documented its implication in parasite survival, and in particular in Leishmania amastigotes. In this paper we question the role of the excreted/secreted form of the protein. In particular we wonder if the Leishmania Sir2 homologue is involved in some aspect of its biological function(s), in various components and pathways, which could promote the host cell survival. To test this hypothesis we have mimicked an intracellular release of the protein through constitutive expression in mouse L929 fibrosarcoma cells. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that the LmSIR2 protein was properly expressed by fibroblasts and that LmSIR2 is localized both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of all the transformed cell clones. Unexpectedly, we found that cells expressing LmSIR2 presents reduced saturation cell density ranging from 40% to 60% and expressed an acidic (pH6.0) ÎČ-galactosidase activity, which is known to be a senescence biomarker. As a consequence, we observed that LmSIR2 positive fibroblasts were more permissive towards Leihmania infection. CONCLUSIONS: LmSIR2 is able to substantially interfere with the host cell physiology. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that these modifications could help Leishmania to survive for a long period in a cell with reduced capacity to multiply or respond to immunologic stimuli. The potential implications of our finding during the in vivo infection process are discussed

    INsPECT, an Open-Source and Versatile Software for Automated Quantification of (Leishmania) Intracellular Parasites

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    Intracellular protozoan parasites are causative agents of infectious diseases that constitute major health problems for developing countries. Leishmania sp., Trypanosoma cruzi or Toxoplasma gondii are all obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that reside and multiply within the host cells of mammals, including humans. Following up intracellular parasite proliferation is therefore an essential and a quotidian task for many laboratories working on primary screening of new natural and synthetic drugs, analyzing drug susceptibility or comparing virulence properties of natural and genetically modified strains. Nevertheless, laborious manual microscopic counting of intracellular parasites is still the most commonly used approach. Here, we present INsPECT (Intracellular ParasitE CounTer), an open-source and platform independent software dedicated to automate infection level measurement based on fluorescent DNA staining. It offers the possibility to choose between different types of analyses (fluorescent DNA acquisitions only or in combination with phase contrast image set to further separate intra-from extracellular parasites), and software running modes (automatic or custom). A proof-of-concept study with intracellular Leishmania infantum parasites stained with DAPI (49,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) confirms a good correspondence between digital results and the "gold standard" microscopic counting method with Giemsa. Interestingly, this software is versatile enough to accurately detect intracellular T. gondii parasites on images acquired with High Content Screening (HCS) systems. In conclusion, INsPECT software is proposed as a new fast and simple alternative to the classical intracellular Leishmania quantification methods and can be adapted for mid to large-scale drug screening against different intracellular parasites

    Implication de la protéase de l'Adénovirus dans le désassemblage partiel de la capside et le relargage de la protéine VI

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    The Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus entering the cells by endocytosis after attachment to cell receptors. During entry, the capsid undergoes a partial disassembly inside the endosome, which is allowing the release of protein VI. This protein is responsible for the endosomal membrane damages that allow the capsid to escape the endosome to access the cytoplasm, to follow nuclear transport mediated by microtubules. The cellular and / or viral cues allowing this intra-endosomal disassembly are not fully understood. The project goal is to investigate the potential role of the Adenovirus protease (AVP) in this entry step. The AVP is produced as an inactive cysteine protease and is incorporated in the capsids as an unspecific DNA sequence binding protein. Once activated by two co-factors, it allows the cleavage of multiple proteins through a one dimensional biochemical reaction. This step, called maturation, is happening after / during the assembly of the capsids in the infected cell. It destabilizes the capsid, which is essential for the virus infectivity. An Adenovirus mutant, which is not incorporating the AVP, is composed of unprocessed proteins and thus, possesses a hyperstable capsid. Therefore, this mutant cannot release the protein VI in the endosome and thus, is degraded via the lysosomal pathway. We produced and purified the AVP to develop an in vitro maturation assay of the viral proteins, and bring a better understanding of its potential role in the partial disassembly of the capsid. We identified a new functional cleavage site of a capsid protein which could be one of the triggers of the protein VI release. We combined biochemical and cell biology approaches to confirm that the cleavage activity of the AVP is facilitating the virus entry.L’AdĂ©novirus est un virus non-enveloppĂ© qui entre dans les cellules par endocytose aprĂšs reconnaissance aux rĂ©cepteurs cellulaires. Pendant cette Ă©tape d’entrĂ©e, la capside subit un dĂ©sassemblage partiel Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de l’endosome qui permet la libĂ©ration de la protĂ©ine VI. Cette protĂ©ine est responsable de la lyse de la membrane de l’endosome, permettant ainsi Ă  la capside de s’échapper de l’endosome pour accĂ©der au cytosol et ĂȘtre transportĂ©e vers l’enveloppe nuclĂ©aire via les microtubules. Les mĂ©canismes cellulaires et / ou viraux permettant ce dĂ©sassemblage partiel ne sont pas entiĂšrement compris. Le projet vise Ă  investiguer le rĂŽle potentiel de la protĂ©ase de l’AdĂ©novirus (AVP) dans cette Ă©tape d’entrĂ©e. L’AVP est une protĂ©ase Ă  cystĂ©ine produite dans une forme inactive et incorporĂ©e dans les capsides comme une protĂ©ine de liaison Ă  l’ADN, indĂ©pendamment de sa sĂ©quence. Une fois activĂ©e par deux cofacteurs, elle permet le clivage de diffĂ©rentes protĂ©ines via une rĂ©action biochimique Ă  une dimension. Cette Ă©tape, appelĂ©e maturation, se produit suite Ă  / pendant l’assemblage de la capside dans la cellule infectĂ©e et rend la capside moins stable, ce qui est essentiel pour l’infectivitĂ© du virus. Un mutant de l’AdĂ©novirus qui n’incorpore pas l‘AVP est donc composĂ© de protĂ©ines non clivĂ©es et possĂšde par consĂ©quent une capside hyperstable. Ce mutant est ainsi incapable de libĂ©rer la protĂ©ine VI dans l’endosome et est dĂ©gradĂ© par la voie lysosomale. Nous avons produit et purifiĂ© l’AVP afin de dĂ©velopper un test de maturation in vitro des protĂ©ines virales et apporter une meilleure comprĂ©hension de son rĂŽle potentiel dans le dĂ©sassemblage partiel de la capside. Nous avons identifiĂ© un nouveau site de clivage fonctionnel d’une protĂ©ine de la capside qui pourrait ĂȘtre un des dĂ©clencheurs de la libĂ©ration de la protĂ©ine VI. Nous combinons des approches de biochimie et de biologie cellulaire afin de confirmer que l’activitĂ© de clivage de l’AVP facilite l’entrĂ©e du virus

    Involvement of the Adenovirus protease in the partial disassembly of the capsid and the release of the membrane lytic protein VI

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    L’AdĂ©novirus est un virus non-enveloppĂ© qui entre dans les cellules par endocytose aprĂšs reconnaissance aux rĂ©cepteurs cellulaires. Pendant cette Ă©tape d’entrĂ©e, la capside subit un dĂ©sassemblage partiel Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de l’endosome qui permet la libĂ©ration de la protĂ©ine VI. Cette protĂ©ine est responsable de la lyse de la membrane de l’endosome, permettant ainsi Ă  la capside de s’échapper de l’endosome pour accĂ©der au cytosol et ĂȘtre transportĂ©e vers l’enveloppe nuclĂ©aire via les microtubules. Les mĂ©canismes cellulaires et / ou viraux permettant ce dĂ©sassemblage partiel ne sont pas entiĂšrement compris. Le projet vise Ă  investiguer le rĂŽle potentiel de la protĂ©ase de l’AdĂ©novirus (AVP) dans cette Ă©tape d’entrĂ©e. L’AVP est une protĂ©ase Ă  cystĂ©ine produite dans une forme inactive et incorporĂ©e dans les capsides comme une protĂ©ine de liaison Ă  l’ADN, indĂ©pendamment de sa sĂ©quence. Une fois activĂ©e par deux cofacteurs, elle permet le clivage de diffĂ©rentes protĂ©ines via une rĂ©action biochimique Ă  une dimension. Cette Ă©tape, appelĂ©e maturation, se produit suite Ă  / pendant l’assemblage de la capside dans la cellule infectĂ©e et rend la capside moins stable, ce qui est essentiel pour l’infectivitĂ© du virus. Un mutant de l’AdĂ©novirus qui n’incorpore pas l‘AVP est donc composĂ© de protĂ©ines non clivĂ©es et possĂšde par consĂ©quent une capside hyperstable. Ce mutant est ainsi incapable de libĂ©rer la protĂ©ine VI dans l’endosome et est dĂ©gradĂ© par la voie lysosomale. Nous avons produit et purifiĂ© l’AVP afin de dĂ©velopper un test de maturation in vitro des protĂ©ines virales et apporter une meilleure comprĂ©hension de son rĂŽle potentiel dans le dĂ©sassemblage partiel de la capside. Nous avons identifiĂ© un nouveau site de clivage fonctionnel d’une protĂ©ine de la capside qui pourrait ĂȘtre un des dĂ©clencheurs de la libĂ©ration de la protĂ©ine VI. Nous combinons des approches de biochimie et de biologie cellulaire afin de confirmer que l’activitĂ© de clivage de l’AVP facilite l’entrĂ©e du virus.The Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus entering the cells by endocytosis after attachment to cell receptors. During entry, the capsid undergoes a partial disassembly inside the endosome, which is allowing the release of protein VI. This protein is responsible for the endosomal membrane damages that allow the capsid to escape the endosome to access the cytoplasm, to follow nuclear transport mediated by microtubules. The cellular and / or viral cues allowing this intra-endosomal disassembly are not fully understood. The project goal is to investigate the potential role of the Adenovirus protease (AVP) in this entry step. The AVP is produced as an inactive cysteine protease and is incorporated in the capsids as an unspecific DNA sequence binding protein. Once activated by two co-factors, it allows the cleavage of multiple proteins through a one dimensional biochemical reaction. This step, called maturation, is happening after / during the assembly of the capsids in the infected cell. It destabilizes the capsid, which is essential for the virus infectivity. An Adenovirus mutant, which is not incorporating the AVP, is composed of unprocessed proteins and thus, possesses a hyperstable capsid. Therefore, this mutant cannot release the protein VI in the endosome and thus, is degraded via the lysosomal pathway. We produced and purified the AVP to develop an in vitro maturation assay of the viral proteins, and bring a better understanding of its potential role in the partial disassembly of the capsid. We identified a new functional cleavage site of a capsid protein which could be one of the triggers of the protein VI release. We combined biochemical and cell biology approaches to confirm that the cleavage activity of the AVP is facilitating the virus entry

    Implication de la protéase de l'Adénovirus dans le désassemblage partiel de la capside et le relargage de la protéine VI

    No full text
    L’AdĂ©novirus est un virus non-enveloppĂ© qui entre dans les cellules par endocytose aprĂšs reconnaissance aux rĂ©cepteurs cellulaires. Pendant cette Ă©tape d’entrĂ©e, la capside subit un dĂ©sassemblage partiel Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de l’endosome qui permet la libĂ©ration de la protĂ©ine VI. Cette protĂ©ine est responsable de la lyse de la membrane de l’endosome, permettant ainsi Ă  la capside de s’échapper de l’endosome pour accĂ©der au cytosol et ĂȘtre transportĂ©e vers l’enveloppe nuclĂ©aire via les microtubules. Les mĂ©canismes cellulaires et / ou viraux permettant ce dĂ©sassemblage partiel ne sont pas entiĂšrement compris. Le projet vise Ă  investiguer le rĂŽle potentiel de la protĂ©ase de l’AdĂ©novirus (AVP) dans cette Ă©tape d’entrĂ©e. L’AVP est une protĂ©ase Ă  cystĂ©ine produite dans une forme inactive et incorporĂ©e dans les capsides comme une protĂ©ine de liaison Ă  l’ADN, indĂ©pendamment de sa sĂ©quence. Une fois activĂ©e par deux cofacteurs, elle permet le clivage de diffĂ©rentes protĂ©ines via une rĂ©action biochimique Ă  une dimension. Cette Ă©tape, appelĂ©e maturation, se produit suite Ă  / pendant l’assemblage de la capside dans la cellule infectĂ©e et rend la capside moins stable, ce qui est essentiel pour l’infectivitĂ© du virus. Un mutant de l’AdĂ©novirus qui n’incorpore pas l‘AVP est donc composĂ© de protĂ©ines non clivĂ©es et possĂšde par consĂ©quent une capside hyperstable. Ce mutant est ainsi incapable de libĂ©rer la protĂ©ine VI dans l’endosome et est dĂ©gradĂ© par la voie lysosomale. Nous avons produit et purifiĂ© l’AVP afin de dĂ©velopper un test de maturation in vitro des protĂ©ines virales et apporter une meilleure comprĂ©hension de son rĂŽle potentiel dans le dĂ©sassemblage partiel de la capside. Nous avons identifiĂ© un nouveau site de clivage fonctionnel d’une protĂ©ine de la capside qui pourrait ĂȘtre un des dĂ©clencheurs de la libĂ©ration de la protĂ©ine VI. Nous combinons des approches de biochimie et de biologie cellulaire afin de confirmer que l’activitĂ© de clivage de l’AVP facilite l’entrĂ©e du virus.The Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus entering the cells by endocytosis after attachment to cell receptors. During entry, the capsid undergoes a partial disassembly inside the endosome, which is allowing the release of protein VI. This protein is responsible for the endosomal membrane damages that allow the capsid to escape the endosome to access the cytoplasm, to follow nuclear transport mediated by microtubules. The cellular and / or viral cues allowing this intra-endosomal disassembly are not fully understood. The project goal is to investigate the potential role of the Adenovirus protease (AVP) in this entry step. The AVP is produced as an inactive cysteine protease and is incorporated in the capsids as an unspecific DNA sequence binding protein. Once activated by two co-factors, it allows the cleavage of multiple proteins through a one dimensional biochemical reaction. This step, called maturation, is happening after / during the assembly of the capsids in the infected cell. It destabilizes the capsid, which is essential for the virus infectivity. An Adenovirus mutant, which is not incorporating the AVP, is composed of unprocessed proteins and thus, possesses a hyperstable capsid. Therefore, this mutant cannot release the protein VI in the endosome and thus, is degraded via the lysosomal pathway. We produced and purified the AVP to develop an in vitro maturation assay of the viral proteins, and bring a better understanding of its potential role in the partial disassembly of the capsid. We identified a new functional cleavage site of a capsid protein which could be one of the triggers of the protein VI release. We combined biochemical and cell biology approaches to confirm that the cleavage activity of the AVP is facilitating the virus entry

    Biopolitics

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    The cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its phosphate form, NADP+, are crucial molecules present in all living cells. The delicate balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of these molecules is tightly regulated by intracellular metabolism assuring the maintenance of homeostatic conditions, which are essential for cell survival and proliferation. A recent cluster of data has highlighted the importance of the intracellular NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH ratios during host–pathogen interactions, as fluctuations in the levels of these cofactors and in precursors’ bioavailability may condition host response and, therefore, pathogen persistence or elimination. Furthermore, an increasing interest has been given towards how pathogens are capable of hijacking host cell proteins in their own advantage and, consequently, alter cellular redox states and immune function. Here, we review the basic principles behind biosynthesis and subcellular compartmentalization of NAD+ and NADP+, as well as the importance of these cofactors during infection, with a special emphasis on pathogen-driven modulation of host NAD+/NADP+ levels and contribution to the associated immune response

    Ambivalent activity of nicotinamide against Leishmania parasites (therapeutic adjuvant and main NAD+ precursor)

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    Le nicotinamide est une vitamine fournie par l'alimentation et utilisĂ©e en thĂ©rapie dans le traitement de certaines pathologies humaines. Chez Leishmania, un protozoaire parasite responsable des leishmanioses, cette vitamine prĂ©sente une action toxique contre le parasite et une action synergique avec l'antimoine, la principale molĂ©cule utilisĂ©e dans le traitement des leishmanioses. En recherchant le mode d'action de cette vitamine, nous avons observĂ© qu'elle Ă©tait en rĂ©alitĂ© un prĂ©curseur essentiel Ă  la synthĂšse du NAD+ chez le parasite, un cofacteur responsable de la plupart des rĂ©actions d'oxydorĂ©duction chez tous les ĂȘtres vivants. Leishmania Ă©tant en effet dĂ©pourvu des voies de synthĂšse de novo du NAD+, il doit le gĂ©nĂ©rer Ă  partir de prĂ©curseurs qu'il importe depuis son environnement (nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, acide nicotinique). Cette auxotrophie du parasite pour le NAD+ rĂ©vĂšle donc un rĂŽle ambivalent du nicotinamide, Ă  la fois toxique Ă  fortes concentrations et pourtant essentiel Ă  sa survie en tant que prĂ©curseur majeur du NAD+. À partir des bases de donnĂ©es, nous avons reconstituĂ© l'ensemble de la voie de synthĂšse du NAD+ chez Leishmania. Parmi les enzymes impliquĂ©es, nous avons identifiĂ© une nicotinamidase qui n'a pas d'homologue chez les mammifĂšres, et qui assure la conversion du nicotinamide en acide nicotinique, premiĂšre Ă©tape Ă  la synthĂšse du NAD+. Cette enzyme Ă©tant un candidat intĂ©ressant pour le dĂ©veloppement de molĂ©cules ciblant spĂ©cifiquement le parasite, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© la caractĂ©risation fonctionnelle de ce gĂšne. Son inactivation induit une diminution importante de la concentration en NAD+ chez le parasite et provoque un arrĂȘt de la prolifĂ©ration en culture, ainsi qu'une incapacitĂ© des mutants Ă  Ă©tablir une infection durable chez la souris. L'obtention de la structure de la nicotinamidase de L. infantum nous offre dĂ©sormais la possibilitĂ© de dĂ©velopper des inhibiteurs spĂ©cifiques contre cette nouvelle cible thĂ©rapeutique.Nicotinamide is a vitamin provided by food that is already used in human therapy. In Leishmania protozoan parasites, this molecule shows toxic activity against parasites and has synergistic activity with antimonials, the main drugs used to treat leishmaniasis. By investigating the mode of action of this cheap vitamin, we discovered that nicotinamide is in fact the main precursor of NAD+ synthesis in Leishmania, a redox cofactor essential for all living cells. Leishmania are indeed devoid of a de novo NAD+ pathway and must synthesize it by scavenging precursors from their environment (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide riboside). This NAD+ auxotrophy reveals a mixed pattern of activity of nicotinamide in Leishmania, i.e. toxic at high concentrations but also essential for parasite survival through its role in NAD+ synthesis. All enzymes of the Leishmania NAD+ salvage pathway were then identified from genome databases. We focused on a putative nicotinamidase, which has no homolog in mammals and governs the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, the first step in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Since this enzyme could be considered as an attractive therapeutic target to develop specific parasite inhibitors, we performed a functional analysis of the corresponding gene. Targeted deletion of the nicotinamidase encoding gene induced a marked drop in parasite NAD+ content and a phenotype with strongly delayed growth. Additionally, these mutants are unable to establish durable infections in mice. The crystal structure of the nicotinamidase from L. infantum will allow us to develop specific inhibitors against this new therapeutic target.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Bicarbonate Concentration Induces Production of Exopolysaccharides by Arthrospira platensis That Mediate Bioflocculation and Enhance Flotation Harvesting Efficiency

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    International audienceArthrospira platensis, or spirulina, is a cyanobacterial species mainly exploited for its nutritional qualities and able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) under specific conditions. In this work we identify that the bicarbonate concentration is a key parameter that induces EPS production by the cells. Using flocculation/flotation harvesting experiments, in addition to atomic force microscopy to characterize the biophysical properties of EPS, we show that EPS produced by A. platensis cells form a soft, adhesive gel in the medium that forms aggregates in which cells are entrapped and thus bioflocculated. This results in the creation of microalgae flocs in which ascending microbubbles produced in the flotation process get trapped, thus enhancing the efficiency of the microalgae separation from water. This interdisciplinary study provides new insights into culture conditions that positively influence the EPS production, while allowing both a high final biomass concentration and a harvesting efficiency superior to 90% to be reached

    Leishmania antimony resistance : what we know what we can learn from the field

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    Leishmania is the causative agent of various forms of leishmaniasis, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The clinical manifestations of the disease range from self-healing cutaneous and mucocutaneous skin ulcers to a fatal visceral form named visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. In the absence of any effective vaccine, the only means to treat and control leishmaniasis is affordable medication. The treatment choice is essentially directed by economic considerations; therefore, for a large majority of countries, chemotherapy relies only on the use of cheaper antimonial compounds. The emergence of antimonial therapy failure in India linked to proven parasite resistance has stressed questions about selective factors as well as transmission risk of drug resistance. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, the frequency of parasite antimony resistance linked to treatment failure is unknown because of a lack of information on Leishmania antimony susceptibility. This information is crucial for addressing the risk of selection and transmission of drug-resistant parasites, particularly in areas where antimony is the only chemotherapeutic alternative. However, the poor knowledge about factors that favor selection of resistant parasites, the multiplicity of the agents that can play a role in the in vivo antileishmanial activity of antimony, and the lack of a standard protocol to diagnose and survey parasite resistance all contribute to insufficient monitoring of antimony resistance. In this review, we discuss on the factors potentially involved in the selection of antimony resistance in the field and discuss on the methods available for its diagnosis
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