United States v. Rosen: Pushing the Free Press onto a Slippery Slope?

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The effect of assigning specific roles in science groups on the gender behaviour of primary school children

This thesis reports on an investigation into the effects on gender behaviour of assigning specific roles (Manager, Tracker, Recorder, Communicator) to primary aged members of a cooperative learning group in science. The study was: carried out in a Year 4 and a Year 5 classroom in a Perth primary school. Both classes used a six lesson programme on a physical science topic prepared by the researcher and taught by the classroom teacher. The target subjects were randomly chosen from students meeting certain criteria defined by the researcher. All other subjects were allocated to either single- or mixed-gender groups of four. The target group was observed and their behaviour and verbal interactions coded before and after the assignment of the specified roles. Data were collected during the third school term, 1992. Data collected prior to, and subsequent to, the treatment were compared and correlated with data collected through pre- and post-programme whole class questionnaires, field notes and post-programme interviews of the target group and the participating teachers. Implications for small group teaching are discussed and suggestions for future research conclude this thesis

Cervical Cancer Awareness: Its Risk Factors, Perceptions and Prevention among Women in Hubli, Karnataka

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women aged 15-44 years. The key to reducing cervical cancer morbidity and mortality is early detection and treatment of cervical pre-cancerous lesions through PAP and HPV tests.Objective: To explore the level of awareness about cervical cancer among women and to assess their awareness regarding preventive screening methods available and its utilization and perceptions.Methodology: A cross sectional community-based study was conducted on 120 women above 18 years of age. The study participants were randomly selected from four urban areas of Hubli and interviewed using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. The data was entered into Microsoft excel and analysed using SPSS.Results: In our study, 91.7% had not even heard of cervical cancer. 77.5% participants did not know the cause for cervical cancer. 29% thought it was preventable. Less than 1% had undergone screening tests. None of the women were vaccinated against HPV infection. 42% of the women think that cancer treatment facility is available in government hospital and 40% think that it’s available only in private hospitals with 18% having no idea where to go for treatment.Conclusions: As women are ignorant about the risk of cervical cancer and don’t prioritise their health, awareness can be created among them on days of ANC check-ups and immunisation. Health care workers also need to be sensitised towards the issue. There is need for effective and more efficient use of mass media in spreading awareness in form of advertisements, articles etc

Bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implants in children: a study of spoken language outcomes

OBJECTIVES: Although it has been established that bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) offer additional speech perception and localization benefits to many children with severe to profound hearing loss, whether these improved perceptual abilities facilitate significantly better language development has not yet been clearly established. The aims of this study were to compare language abilities of children having unilateral and bilateral CIs to quantify the rate of any improvement in language attributable to bilateral CIs and to document other predictors of language development in children with CIs. DESIGN: The receptive vocabulary and language development of 91 children was assessed when they were aged either 5 or 8 years old by using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (fourth edition), and either the Preschool Language Scales (fourth edition) or the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (fourth edition), respectively. Cognitive ability, parent involvement in children\u27s intervention or education programs, and family reading habits were also evaluated. Language outcomes were examined by using linear regression analyses. The influence of elements of parenting style, child characteristics, and family background as predictors of outcomes were examined. RESULTS: Children using bilateral CIs achieved significantly better vocabulary outcomes and significantly higher scores on the Core and Expressive Language subscales of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (fourth edition) than did comparable children with unilateral CIs. Scores on the Preschool Language Scales (fourth edition) did not differ significantly between children with unilateral and bilateral CIs. Bilateral CI use was found to predict significantly faster rates of vocabulary and language development than unilateral CI use; the magnitude of this effect was moderated by child age at activation of the bilateral CI. In terms of parenting style, high levels of parental involvement, low amounts of screen time, and more time spent by adults reading to children facilitated significantly better vocabulary and language outcomes. In terms of child characteristics, higher cognitive ability and female sex were predictive of significantly better language outcomes. When family background factors were examined, having tertiary-educated primary caregivers and a family history of hearing loss were significantly predictive of better outcomes. Birth order was also found to have a significant negative effect on both vocabulary and language outcomes, with each older sibling predicting a 5 to 10% decrease in scores. CONCLUSIONS: Children with bilateral CIs achieved significantly better vocabulary outcomes, and 8-year-old children with bilateral CIs had significantly better language outcomes than did children with unilateral CIs. These improvements were moderated by children\u27s ages at both first and second CIs. The outcomes were also significantly predicted by a number of factors related to parenting, child characteristics, and family background. Fifty-one percent of the variance in vocabulary outcomes and between 59 to 69% of the variance in language outcomes was predicted by the regression models

Aplicación preferente del principio de oportunidad, respecto al principio de legalidad en el nuevo código procesal penal

En el presente trabajo de investigación, versa sobre el Principio de Oportunidad y su aplicación, conforme al Código Procesal Penal del 2004, en ponderación con el Principio de Legalidad, regulado en el código antes mencionado; se tiene como base, al proceso penal en sí, y si finalidad, como punta de partida del Ius Puniendi del Estado. En el primer capítulo podremos encontrar la descripción problemática con los problemas planteados a modo de interrogante, subsiguiendo los objetivos, así como los límites que se hayan podido tener para desarrollas nuestro tema de interés. En el Capítulo II, es decir en el Marco Teórico, se ha tratado de desarrollas los temas de especial importancia para nuestro tema, a fin de que pueda llegarse a las conclusiones satisfactorias. Se tocan temas como El Proceso Penal, el Principio de Oportunidad en sí mismo, sobre el Principio de Legalidad, y Sobre la Reparación Civil conforme a la aplicación del principio de Oportunidad, entre otros puntos; el último punto del presente capitulo son las hipótesis general y específicas, con sus respectivas variables. En el Capítulo III, trata sobre la metodología que se aplica para el desarrollo del presente trabajo, el Capítulo IV se trata sobre el análisis de los resultados obtenidos de las encuestas partiendo de la metodología utilizada. Se culmina con las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas del análisis de todo lo antes descrito.Tesi

Claims against third-party recipients of trust property

This article argues that claims to recover trust property from third parties arise in response to a trustee's duty to preserve identifiable property, and that unjust enrichment is incompatible with such claims. First, unjust enrichment can only assist with the recovery of abstract wealth and so it does not assist in the recovery of specific property. Second, it is difficult to identify a convincing justification for introducing unjust enrichment. Third, it will work to the detriment of innocent recipients. The article goes on to show how Re Diplock supports this analysis, by demonstrating that no duty of preservation had been breached and that a proprietary claim should not have been available in that case. The simple conclusion is that claims to recover specific property and claims for unjust enrichment should be seen as mutually exclusive

Sodium channel slow inactivation interferes with open channel block

Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 are linked to inherited pain syndromes such as erythromelalgia (IEM) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD). PEPD mutations impair Nav1.7 fast inactivation and increase persistent currents. PEPD mutations also increase resurgent currents, which involve the voltage-dependent release of an open channel blocker. In contrast, IEM mutations, whenever tested, leave resurgent currents unchanged. Accordingly, the IEM deletion mutation L955 (ΔL955) fails to produce resurgent currents despite enhanced persistent currents, which have hitherto been considered a prerequisite for resurgent currents. Additionally, ΔL955 exhibits a prominent enhancement of slow inactivation (SI). We introduced mutations into Nav1.7 and Nav1.6 that either enhance or impair SI in order to investigate their effects on resurgent currents. Our results show that enhanced SI is accompanied by impaired resurgent currents, which suggests that SI may interfere with open-channel block

Hippocampal CA3 Transcriptome Signature Correlates with Initial Precipitating Injury in Refractory Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Background: Prolonged febrile seizures constitute an initial precipitating injury (IPI) commonly associated with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (RMTLE). in order to investigate IPI influence on the transcriptional phenotype underlying RMTLE we comparatively analyzed the transcriptomic signatures of CA3 explants surgically obtained from RMTLE patients with (FS) or without (NFS) febrile seizure history. Texture analyses on MRI images of dentate gyrus were conducted in a subset of surgically removed sclerotic hippocampi for identifying IPI-associated histo-radiological alterations.Methodology/Principal Findings: DNA microarray analysis revealed that CA3 global gene expression differed significantly between FS and NFS subgroups. An integrative functional genomics methodology was used for characterizing the relations between GO biological processes themes and constructing transcriptional interaction networks defining the FS and NFS transcriptomic signatures and its major gene-gene links (hubs). Co-expression network analysis showed that: i) CA3 transcriptomic profiles differ according to the IPI; ii) FS distinctive hubs are mostly linked to glutamatergic signalization while NFS hubs predominantly involve GABAergic pathways and neurotransmission modulation. Both networks have relevant hubs related to nervous system development, what is consistent with cell genesis activity in the hippocampus of RMTLE patients. Moreover, two candidate genes for therapeutic targeting came out from this analysis: SSTR1, a relevant common hub in febrile and afebrile transcriptomes, and CHRM3, due to its putative role in epilepsy susceptibility development. MRI texture analysis allowed an overall accuracy of 90% for pixels correctly classified as belonging to FS or NFS groups. Histological examination revealed that granule cell loss was significantly higher in FS hippocampi.Conclusions/Significance: CA3 transcriptional signatures and dentate gyrus morphology fairly correlate with IPI in RMTLE, indicating that FS-RMTLE represents a distinct phenotype. These findings may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying refractory epilepsy phenotypes and contribute to the discovery of novel specific drug targets for therapeutic interventions