75 research outputs found

    An Intron-Retaining Splice Variant of Human Cyclin A2, Expressed in Adult Differentiated Tissues, Induces a G1/S Cell Cycle Arrest In Vitro

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    BACKGROUND: Human cyclin A2 is a key regulator of S phase progression and entry into mitosis. Alternative splice variants of the G1 and mitotic cyclins have been shown to interfere with full-length cyclin functions to modulate cell cycle progression and are therefore likely to play a role in differentiation or oncogenesis. The alternative splicing of human cyclin A2 has not yet been studied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sequence-specific primers were designed to amplify various exon-intron regions of cyclin A2 mRNA in cell lines and human tissues. Intron retaining PCR products were cloned and sequenced and then overexpressed in HeLa cells. The subcellular localization of the splice variants was studied using confocal and time-lapse microscopy, and their impact on the cell cycle by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and histone H1 kinase activity. We found a splice variant of cyclin A2 mRNA called A2V6 that partly retains Intron 6. The gene expression pattern of A2V6 mRNA in human tissues was noticeably different from that of wild-type cyclin A2 (A2WT) mRNA. It was lower in proliferating fetal tissues and stronger in some differentiated adult tissues, especially, heart. In transfected HeLa cells, A2V6 localized exclusively in the cytoplasm whereas A2WT accumulated in the nucleus. We show that A2V6 induced a clear G1/S cell cycle arrest associated with a p21 and p27 upregulation and an inhibition of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Like A2WT, A2V6 bound CDK2, but the A2V6/CDK2 complex did not phosphorylate histone H1. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study has revealed that some highly differentiated human tissues express an intron-retaining cyclin A2 mRNA that induced a G1/S block in vitro. Contrary to full-length cyclin A2, which regulates cell proliferation, the A2V6 splice variant might play a role in regulating nondividing cell states such as terminal differentiation or senescence

    Common variants in Alzheimer’s disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores

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    Funder: Funder: Fundación bancaria ‘La Caixa’ Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: Grifols SA Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Number: 115975 Funder: JPco-fuND FP-829-029 Number: 733051061Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease

    New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

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    Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE Δ4 allele

    Common variants in Alzheimer's disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores.

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    Funder: Funder: Fundación bancaria ‘La Caixa’ Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: Grifols SA Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Number: 115975 Funder: JPco-fuND FP-829-029 Number: 733051061Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease

    Interprofessional collaborative skills at the service of nursing student learning : optimization of scenarios to think differently about initial training

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    Cette thÚse s'intéresse à la collaboration interprofessionnelle des futurs professionnels de la santé. Elle poursuit trois objectifs. Le premier est d'explorer le développement des compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles d'étudiants infirmiers en fin de formation initiale. Pour la formation en soins infirmiers, l'interprofessionnalité est une déclinaison transversale à d'autres compétences mais son enseignement n'est pas adossé à un référentiel explicite de compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles. Ainsi, les formats pédagogiques d'éducation interprofessionnelle y sont rarement déployés. Plébiscitée par la littérature, l'éducation interprofessionnelle permet pourtant d'optimiser le travail collaboratif. Le second objectif de ce travail trouve ancrage dans nos résultats préliminaires. Il vise à soutenir le développement des compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles par une démarche d'apprentissage interprofessionnelle qui combine dimension réflexive et développementale. Le cadre organisateur de la recherche est la clinique de l'activité. Développée par Clot, la clinique de l'activité accorde une place centrale aux collectifs de travail, susceptibles d'assurer une fonction médiatisante entre le sujet et son activité. La clinique de l'activité aspire à développer les ressources existantes, à faire surgir des instruments psychologiques nouveaux et à donner aux étudiants la capacité d'agir dans l'exercice de leur activité. Le dispositif de recherche s'inscrit dans la simulation en santé qui met en jeu la collaboration interprofessionnelle par le truchement d'une activité de soins collective simulée entre des étudiants infirmiers et des étudiants masseurs-kinésithérapeutes. Les traces filmiques de la simulation, médiées par le chercheur, sont des supports individuels puis collectifs à la réflexion des étudiants. Enfin, le dernier objectif de cette thÚse poursuit une visée épistémique. La recherche envisage d'utiliser les discours d'étudiants infirmiers et masseurs-kinésithérapeutes rassemblés en collectif de travail, pour soutenir la conception de modÚles d'éducation interprofessionnelle en sciences de la santé et pour réinterroger les curricula de formation.This thesis focuses on the interprofessional collaboration of future health professionals. It has three objectives. The first is to explore the development of interprofessional collaborative skills of student nurses at the end of their initial training. For nursing education, interprofessionality is a transversal declination of other competences but its teaching is not supported by an explicit reference framework of interprofessional collaborative competences. As a result, interprofessional education formats are rarely used. Interprofessional education, which has been widely advocated in the literature, can be used to optimise collaborative work. The second objective of this work is rooted in our preliminary results. It aims to support the development of interprofessional collaborative skills through an interprofessional learning approach that combines reflexive and developmental dimensions. The organising framework of the research is the the clinical approach of activity. Developed by Clot, the clinical approach of activity gives a central place to work collectives, likely to ensure a mediating function between the subject and his activity. Clinical approach of activity aims to develop existing resources, to bring out new psychological instruments and to give students the capacity to act in the exercise of their activity. The research device is part of the health simulation which brings into play the interprofessional collaboration through a simulated collective care activity between nursing students and massage physiotherapists students. The filmic traces of the simulation, mediated by the researcher, are individual and then collective supports for the students' reflection. Finally, the last objective of this thesis pursues an epistemic aim. The research plans to use the discourses of student nurses and kinésithérapists gathered in a work group to support the design of interprofessional education models in the health sciences and to re-interrogate the training curricula

    Semiconductor waveguides for frequency conversion in the infrared

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    L’infrarouge moyen est une zone du spectre Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique indispensable Ă  de nombreuses applications, notamment dans le domaine de la sĂ©curitĂ© et de la dĂ©fense. NĂ©anmoins, la plupart des sources matures ne couvrent pas tous les besoins en termes d’efficacitĂ©, de compacitĂ© ou de plage de longueurs d’onde. La dĂ©tection dans cette mĂȘme gamme du spectre Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique est Ă©galement limitĂ©e par les performances des dĂ©tecteurs qui sont plus bruitĂ©s ou coĂ»teux que leurs Ă©quivalents visibles. Ces deux thĂ©matiques peuvent s’appuyer sur l’optique non-linĂ©aire et ses capacitĂ©s de transposition de longueurs d’onde. En exploitant en particulier les phĂ©nomĂšnes non-linĂ©aires du second ordre ainsi que les propriĂ©tĂ©s de certains matĂ©riaux semiconducteurs pour recourir Ă  la conversion de frĂ©quence en configuration guidĂ©e, ce travail prĂ©pare l’intĂ©gration de futurs composants pour le moyen-infrarouge.Le premier volet de la thĂšse est axĂ© sur la conception et la caractĂ©risation de guides d’onde Ă  orientation pĂ©riodique en arsĂ©niure de gallium (OP-GaAs) pour la gĂ©nĂ©ration de spectres larges dans le moyen-infrarouge, adaptĂ©s Ă  un couplage fibrĂ© autour de 3 ”m et prĂ©sentant de faibles pertes. Le second vise la conception et la fabrication de guides d’onde Ă  orientation pĂ©riodique en phosphure de gallium (OP-GaP) pour la conversion de signaux infrarouges vers le visible et plus particuliĂšrement le doublage de frĂ©quence Ă  1,5 ”m. Pour ces nouveaux composants, notre premier objectif est de trouver des gĂ©omĂ©tries de guides compatibles avec ces applications et avec les contraintes technologiques de fabrication. Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce manuscrit ont menĂ© Ă  la fabrication de guides d’onde OP-GaAs montrant un niveau de pertes dans le moyen-infrarouge Ă  l’état de l’art ainsi qu’un potentiel de gĂ©nĂ©ration de spectres larges, dans lesquels de la gĂ©nĂ©ration paramĂ©trique a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©e. Ces premiĂšres caractĂ©risations ont permis la conception de nouveaux composants mieux adaptĂ©s Ă  nos conditions expĂ©rimentales. D’autre part, diverses pistes ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©es pour mettre au point les Ă©tapes de fabrication de guides d’onde OP-GaP. Celles-ci ont permis de lever plusieurs verrous liĂ©s Ă  la fabrication de structures guidantes Ă  orientation pĂ©riodique dans ce matĂ©riau et ont abouti au dĂ©veloppement de diffĂ©rents composants dans lesquels de la gĂ©nĂ©ration de second harmonique accordĂ©e en phase a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©e.The mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is very attractive for various applications, including safety and defence. However, most of the mature sources do not meet every need regarding efficiency, compactness and wavelength range. The detection of these wavelengths is also limited by the performances of the detectors, which are noisier than visible sensors. Both of these topics can benefit from nonlinear optics and its wavelength conversion potential. By exploiting in particular second-order nonlinear interactions as well as the properties of some semiconductor materials for guided frequency conversion, this work prepares the integration of future components in the mid-infrared.The first part of this thesis focuses on the design and characterisation of orientation-patterned gallium arsenide (OP-GaAs) waveguides for broadband mid-infrared generation. These structures should be adapted to fiber coupling around 3 ”m and have low losses. The second part aims at designing and fabricating orientation-patterned gallium phosphide (OP-GaP) waveguides to convert infrared light towards visible wavelengths, and more specifically for frequency doubling at 1.5 ”m. Our main goal with these new components is to find a design suitable to these applications and compatible with the technological restrictions linked to fabrication.The work has led to the fabrication of OP-GaAs waveguides demonstrating a state-of-the-art level of losses in the mid-infrared as well as a potential for broadband generation. They also allowed the observation of parametric generation. These first characterisations resulted in the design of new components that are better adapted to our experimental requirements. On the other hand, various options have been explored to develop the fabrication steps of OP-GaP waveguides. Several technological barriers related to the fabrication of orientation-patterned guiding structures in this material have been lifted, thus leading to the development of different devices, in which we observed phase-matched second harmonic generation

    Les compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles au service de l'apprentissage des étudiants infirmiers : optimisation des scénarisations pour penser autrement la formation initiale

    No full text
    This thesis focuses on the interprofessional collaboration of future health professionals. It has three objectives. The first is to explore the development of interprofessional collaborative skills of student nurses at the end of their initial training. For nursing education, interprofessionality is a transversal declination of other competences but its teaching is not supported by an explicit reference framework of interprofessional collaborative competences. As a result, interprofessional education formats are rarely used. Interprofessional education, which has been widely advocated in the literature, can be used to optimise collaborative work. The second objective of this work is rooted in our preliminary results. It aims to support the development of interprofessional collaborative skills through an interprofessional learning approach that combines reflexive and developmental dimensions. The organising framework of the research is the the clinical approach of activity. Developed by Clot, the clinical approach of activity gives a central place to work collectives, likely to ensure a mediating function between the subject and his activity. Clinical approach of activity aims to develop existing resources, to bring out new psychological instruments and to give students the capacity to act in the exercise of their activity. The research device is part of the health simulation which brings into play the interprofessional collaboration through a simulated collective care activity between nursing students and massage physiotherapists students. The filmic traces of the simulation, mediated by the researcher, are individual and then collective supports for the students' reflection. Finally, the last objective of this thesis pursues an epistemic aim. The research plans to use the discourses of student nurses and kinésithérapists gathered in a work group to support the design of interprofessional education models in the health sciences and to re-interrogate the training curricula.Cette thÚse s'intéresse à la collaboration interprofessionnelle des futurs professionnels de la santé. Elle poursuit trois objectifs. Le premier est d'explorer le développement des compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles d'étudiants infirmiers en fin de formation initiale. Pour la formation en soins infirmiers, l'interprofessionnalité est une déclinaison transversale à d'autres compétences mais son enseignement n'est pas adossé à un référentiel explicite de compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles. Ainsi, les formats pédagogiques d'éducation interprofessionnelle y sont rarement déployés. Plébiscitée par la littérature, l'éducation interprofessionnelle permet pourtant d'optimiser le travail collaboratif. Le second objectif de ce travail trouve ancrage dans nos résultats préliminaires. Il vise à soutenir le développement des compétences collaboratives interprofessionnelles par une démarche d'apprentissage interprofessionnelle qui combine dimension réflexive et développementale. Le cadre organisateur de la recherche est la clinique de l'activité. Développée par Clot, la clinique de l'activité accorde une place centrale aux collectifs de travail, susceptibles d'assurer une fonction médiatisante entre le sujet et son activité. La clinique de l'activité aspire à développer les ressources existantes, à faire surgir des instruments psychologiques nouveaux et à donner aux étudiants la capacité d'agir dans l'exercice de leur activité. Le dispositif de recherche s'inscrit dans la simulation en santé qui met en jeu la collaboration interprofessionnelle par le truchement d'une activité de soins collective simulée entre des étudiants infirmiers et des étudiants masseurs-kinésithérapeutes. Les traces filmiques de la simulation, médiées par le chercheur, sont des supports individuels puis collectifs à la réflexion des étudiants. Enfin, le dernier objectif de cette thÚse poursuit une visée épistémique. La recherche envisage d'utiliser les discours d'étudiants infirmiers et masseurs-kinésithérapeutes rassemblés en collectif de travail, pour soutenir la conception de modÚles d'éducation interprofessionnelle en sciences de la santé et pour réinterroger les curricula de formation

    Guides d'onde en semi-conducteurs pour la conversion de fréquence dans l'infrarouge

    No full text
    The mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is very attractive for various applications, including safety and defence. However, most of the mature sources do not meet every need regarding efficiency, compactness and wavelength range. The detection of these wavelengths is also limited by the performances of the detectors, which are noisier than visible sensors. Both of these topics can benefit from nonlinear optics and its wavelength conversion potential. By exploiting in particular second-order nonlinear interactions as well as the properties of some semiconductor materials for guided frequency conversion, this work prepares the integration of future components in the mid-infrared.The first part of this thesis focuses on the design and characterisation of orientation-patterned gallium arsenide (OP-GaAs) waveguides for broadband mid-infrared generation. These structures should be adapted to fiber coupling around 3 ”m and have low losses. The second part aims at designing and fabricating orientation-patterned gallium phosphide (OP-GaP) waveguides to convert infrared light towards visible wavelengths, and more specifically for frequency doubling at 1.5 ”m. Our main goal with these new components is to find a design suitable to these applications and compatible with the technological restrictions linked to fabrication.The work has led to the fabrication of OP-GaAs waveguides demonstrating a state-of-the-art level of losses in the mid-infrared as well as a potential for broadband generation. They also allowed the observation of parametric generation. These first characterisations resulted in the design of new components that are better adapted to our experimental requirements. On the other hand, various options have been explored to develop the fabrication steps of OP-GaP waveguides. Several technological barriers related to the fabrication of orientation-patterned guiding structures in this material have been lifted, thus leading to the development of different devices, in which we observed phase-matched second harmonic generation.L’infrarouge moyen est une zone du spectre Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique indispensable Ă  de nombreuses applications, notamment dans le domaine de la sĂ©curitĂ© et de la dĂ©fense. NĂ©anmoins, la plupart des sources matures ne couvrent pas tous les besoins en termes d’efficacitĂ©, de compacitĂ© ou de plage de longueurs d’onde. La dĂ©tection dans cette mĂȘme gamme du spectre Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique est Ă©galement limitĂ©e par les performances des dĂ©tecteurs qui sont plus bruitĂ©s ou coĂ»teux que leurs Ă©quivalents visibles. Ces deux thĂ©matiques peuvent s’appuyer sur l’optique non-linĂ©aire et ses capacitĂ©s de transposition de longueurs d’onde. En exploitant en particulier les phĂ©nomĂšnes non-linĂ©aires du second ordre ainsi que les propriĂ©tĂ©s de certains matĂ©riaux semiconducteurs pour recourir Ă  la conversion de frĂ©quence en configuration guidĂ©e, ce travail prĂ©pare l’intĂ©gration de futurs composants pour le moyen-infrarouge.Le premier volet de la thĂšse est axĂ© sur la conception et la caractĂ©risation de guides d’onde Ă  orientation pĂ©riodique en arsĂ©niure de gallium (OP-GaAs) pour la gĂ©nĂ©ration de spectres larges dans le moyen-infrarouge, adaptĂ©s Ă  un couplage fibrĂ© autour de 3 ”m et prĂ©sentant de faibles pertes. Le second vise la conception et la fabrication de guides d’onde Ă  orientation pĂ©riodique en phosphure de gallium (OP-GaP) pour la conversion de signaux infrarouges vers le visible et plus particuliĂšrement le doublage de frĂ©quence Ă  1,5 ”m. Pour ces nouveaux composants, notre premier objectif est de trouver des gĂ©omĂ©tries de guides compatibles avec ces applications et avec les contraintes technologiques de fabrication. Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce manuscrit ont menĂ© Ă  la fabrication de guides d’onde OP-GaAs montrant un niveau de pertes dans le moyen-infrarouge Ă  l’état de l’art ainsi qu’un potentiel de gĂ©nĂ©ration de spectres larges, dans lesquels de la gĂ©nĂ©ration paramĂ©trique a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©e. Ces premiĂšres caractĂ©risations ont permis la conception de nouveaux composants mieux adaptĂ©s Ă  nos conditions expĂ©rimentales. D’autre part, diverses pistes ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©es pour mettre au point les Ă©tapes de fabrication de guides d’onde OP-GaP. Celles-ci ont permis de lever plusieurs verrous liĂ©s Ă  la fabrication de structures guidantes Ă  orientation pĂ©riodique dans ce matĂ©riau et ont abouti au dĂ©veloppement de diffĂ©rents composants dans lesquels de la gĂ©nĂ©ration de second harmonique accordĂ©e en phase a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©e
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