Liposome-Fe3 O4-Doxorubicin Mediated Treatment of Melanoma Tumors

Purpose: Magnetic hyperthermia is a treatment method based on eddy currents, hysteresis, and relaxation mechanisms of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs such as Fe3 O4 have the ability to generate heat under an alternating magnetic field. Heat sensitive liposomes (Lip) convert from lipid layer to liquid layer through heat generated by MNPs and can release drugs. Methods: In this study, different groups of doxorubicin (DOX), MNPs and liposomes were evaluated. The MNPs were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The MNPs, DOX and a combination of MNPs and DOX were efficiently loaded into the liposomes using the evaporator rotary technique. Magnetic properties, microstructure, specific absorption rate (SAR), zeta potential, loading percentage of the MNPs and DOX concentration in liposomes, in vitro drug release of liposomes were studied. Finally, the necrosis percentage of cancer cells in C57BL/6J mice bearing melanoma tumors was assessed for all groups. Results: The loading percentages of MNPs and concentration of DOX in the liposomes were 18.52 and 65% respectively. The Lip-DOX-MNPs at the buffer citrate solution, showed highly SAR as the solution temperature reached 42°C in 5 minutes. The release of DOX occurred in a pH-dependent manner. The volume of tumor in the therapeutic groups containing the MNPs significantly decreased compared to the others. Numerical analysis showed that the tumor volume in mice receiving Lip-MNPs-DOX was 9.29% that of the control and a histological examination of the tumor section showed 70% necrosis. Conclusion: The Lip-DOX-MNPs could be effective agents which reduce malignant skin tumors growth and increase cancer cell necrosis

Impact of major disease outbreaks in the third millennium on adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health and rights in low and/or middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review protocol

Introduction Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) of young people continue to present a high burden and remain underinvested. This is more so in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), where empirical evidence reveals disruption of SRHR maintenance, need for enhancement of programmes, resources and services during pandemics. Despite the importance of the subject, there is no published review yet combining recent disease outbreaks such as (H1N1/09, Zika, Ebola and SARS-COV-2) to assess their impact on adolescents and youth SRHR in LMICs. Methods and analysis We will adopt a four-step search to reach the maximum possible number of studies. In the first step, we will carry out a limitedpreliminary search in databases for getting relevant keywords (appendix 1). Second, we will search in four databases: Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase and PsycINFO. The search would begin from the inception of the first major outbreak in 2009 (H1N1/09) up to the date of publication of the protocol in early 2022. We will search databases using related keywords, screen title & abstract and review full texts of the selected titles to arrive at the list of eligible studies. In the third stage, we will check their eligibility to the included article’s reference list. In the fourth stage, we will check the citations of included papers in phase 2 to complete our study selection. We will include all types of original studies and without any language restriction in our final synthesis. Our review results will be charted for each pandemic separately and include details pertaining to authors, year, country, region of the study, study design, participants (disaggregated by age and gender), purpose and report associated SRHR outcomes. The review will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline (PRISMA-ScR). Patient and public involvement Patients or public were not involved in this study. Ethics and dissemination Ethical assessment is not required for this study. The results of the study will be presented in peer-reviewed publications and conferences on adolescent SRHR

Mechanical Properties of Natural Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite/Magnetite Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications

Chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HA), and magnetite (Fe3O4) have been broadly employed for bone treatment applications. Having a hybrid biomaterial composed of the aforementioned constituents not only accumulates the useful characteristics of each component, but also provides outstanding composite properties. In the present research, mechanical properties of pure CS, CS/HA, CS/HA/magnetite, and CS/magnetite were evaluated by the measurements of bending strength, elastic modulus, compressive strength and hardness values. Moreover, the morphology of the bending fracture surfaces were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an image analyzer. Studies were also conducted to examine the biological response of the human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) on different composites. We conclude that, although all of these composites possess in-vitro biocompatibility, adding hydroxyapatite and magnetite to the chitosan matrix can noticeably enhance the mechanical properties of the pure chitosan

Syntheses of hydroxyapatite from natural sources

Waste materials from natural sources are important resources for extraction and recovery of valuable compounds. Transformation of these waste materials into valuable materials requires specific techniques and approaches. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a biomaterial that can be extracted from natural wastes. HAp has been widely used in biomedical applications owing to its excellent bioactivity, high biocompatibility, and excellent osteoconduction characteristics. Thus, HAp is gaining prominence for applications as orthopaedic implants and dental materials. This review summarizes some of the recent methods for extraction of HAp from natural sources including mammalian, aquatic or marine sources, shell sources, plants and algae, and from mineral sources. The extraction methods used to obtain hydroxyapatite are also described. The effect of extraction process and natural waste source on the critical properties of the HAp such as Ca/P ratio, crystallinity and phase assemblage, particle sizes, and morphology are discussed herein

CHARACTERIZATION OF CO-FE MAGNETIC FILMS FABRICATED BY GALVANO-STATIC ELECTRODEPOSITION

In this research, nanocrystalline Co-Fe coatings were electrodeposited on copper substrate. The influence of current density on different properties of the films at two pH levels was investigated. All the coatings showed nodular structure with rougher morphology at higher current densities. Due to anomalous deposition at higher current density, the amount of iron content increased and reached its maximum value at about 50 wt.% for the coating obtained from pH 5. X-ray diffraction patterns showed hcp structure as the dominant phase. However, by increasing current density at lower pH value, a double phase structure containing fcc+hcp phases was detected. It was observed that current density has a positive effect on grain refinement. However, coarser grains would obtain at lower pH value. Microhardness measurements showed that, there is a direct relationship between grain size and microhardness. Moreover, microstructure in double phase structure films can influence microhardness more dominantly. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements indicated that the saturation magnetic is proportion to deposited iron content and reached its maximum value at about 1512 emu/cm3. It was cleared that grain size, phase structure and chemical composition can affect coercivity of the films effectively

An experimental study of sunflower seed husk and zeolite as adsorbents of Ni(II) ion from industrial wastewater

Due to the structural similarities, sunflower seed husk (SSH), an agricultural, low-cost, and eco-friendly waste, is employed interchangeably with zeolite to extract Ni (II) ions from model and real industrial wastewater in this work. Batch experiment adsorption was carried out to investigate the possibility of Ni (II) ion removal by adsorbents. Zeolite powder and SSH were used in three different sizes and without any modifications to optimize the effect of adsorbent size. The maximum adsorption rate of 76% for the bulk size of SSH was obtained at pH 6.5, 20 g/L of adsoadsorbent, an initial concentration of ions of 20 mg/L, and 2 h of contact time. Thermodynamic results showed that the process is spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic within the set temperature range (10°C–80 °C). It can be concluded from the results that SSH can be used as a feasible, eco-friendly, and biodegradable organic material for Ni ion adsorption

THE EFFECT OF SINTERING TEMPERATURE ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF GLASS-REINFORCED HYDROXYAPATITE BIOCOMPOSITES IMMERSED IN SIMULATED BODY FLUID

Hydroxyapatite is a ceramic material which is known as a highly bioactive and biocompatible material. It can be extracted from natural resources such as bovine bone. In the present study, hydroxyapatite composites with different percentage of sodalime glass were made and sintered at different temperatures. Finally, the specimens were evaluated with respect to bioactivity tests in simulated body fluid (SBF). Micrographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that calcium phosphate precipitated on biocomposites surfaces. SEM images and XRD analysis showed that the composite with 5 % glass additive sintered at 1200oC has excellent capacity to form apatite layer on its surface