Interethnical marriages of Czechs in Croatia, 1970. – 2015.

Tema ovoga rada su Interetnički brakovi Čeha u Hrvatskoj od 1970. do 2015. godine. U radu je objašnjen proces doseljavanja Čeha od 18. do početka 20. stoljeća, njihova integracija u hrvatsko društvo, političke prilike te demografske značajke i kretanje broja Čeha u Hrvatskoj od 1880. do 2011. godine. S obzirom da su Česi u Hrvatskoj koncentrirani na određenom području, izrađene su tematske karte njihova razmještaja. U radu se nastojalo odgovoriti na zadane hipoteze i ciljeve koji su postavljeni . Analizirano je kretanje interetničkih brakova te struktura tih brakova kako bi se vidjelo s kojim narodnostima su Česi najčešće sklapali brakove, u kojem razdoblju i koji su bili uzroci sklapanja tih brakova. Također su analizirani čimbenici koji utječu na sklapanje interetničkih brakova (geografski, kulturološki, politički… itd). Na temelju dostupnih podataka dobiveni su rezultati koji pokazuju smanjenje homogamnih brakova Čeha te sve veći broj egzogamnih odnosno, interetničkih brakova sa drugim narodnostima, i to najviše sa Hrvatima kao domicilnim narodom, potom sa Srbima kao najbrojnijom nacionalnom manjinom u Hrvatskoj. Važno je napomenuti da je vrlo mali broj brakova zaključen sa Slovacima, manje nego sa Mađarima. S obzirom na spol, analiza je pokazala da su Čehinje egzogamnije, odnosno više ulaze u etnički mješovite brakove nego njihovi muški sunarodnjaci. Kada se govori o opredjeljivanju djece iz etnički mješovitih brakova, veliku ulogu ima dominantnost roditelja i emotivni utjecaj na dijete/djecu. S onim roditeljem s kojim je dijete bliže, njegovu nacionalnost dijete najčešće uzima kao vlastitu. Što je neka sredina veća i brojnija, djeca se poistovjećuju s njome i postaju dijelom te zajednice. Prema rezultatima iz samoga rada i dostupnim podacima za 1981. godinu, u dvostruko više etnički miješanih obitelji djeca uzimaju narodnost oca nego majke, dok je visok postotak i obitelji u kojima se djeca izjašnjavaju različito od roditelja. Posebno to dolazi do izražaja u češko-hrvatskim obiteljima.The main topic of this paper are Czech Interethnic Marriages in Croatia from 1970 to 2015. The paper illustrates the migration of Czechs from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, their integration into the Croatian society, political opportunities, demographic characteristics and the population trends of Czechs in Croatia from 1880 to 2011. Since Czechs in Croatia are concentrated in a specific area, thematic maps of their distribution have been made. The paper sought to respond to the hypotheses and goals that were set out. Interethnic marriages and the structure of these marriages were analyzed to see which nationalities Czechs are mostly married to, in what period and what were the causes of these marriages. Also, the factors influencing the conclusion of interethnic marriages were analyzed (spatial, cultural, political, etc.). Based on the available data, the results show that Czech homogeneous marriages reduced and there is an increasing number of exogenous or interethnic marriages with other nationalities, mostly with Croats as they consist the majority of the overall population, followed by Serbs as the largest ethnic minority in Croatia. It is important to note that very few marriages were concluded with the Slovaks, less than with the Hungarians. Gender -wise, the analysis has shown that female Czechs are more exogenous as they are more involved in ethnically mixed marriages than their male compatriots. When it comes to how children from ethnically mixed marriages categorize themselves, the dominant role of the parent and the emotional impact on their children plays a major role. The child usually takes the nationality of a parent with whom the child is closer. When a community is larger and more populous, children become associated with it, and they become a part of that community. According to the results of this paper and the available data for 1981, twice as many children take the nationality of their fathers than their mothers. There is also a high percentage of children who declare differently than their parents. This is especially reflected in Czech-Croatian families

Diagnosis and management of high-risk breast lesions (B3)

Lezije visokog malignog potencijala su biološki i klinički heterogena skupina neoplastičkih promjena koje imaju potencijal direktne progresije u invazivni karcinom dojke. Takve promjene u prvoj liniji uključuju atipičnu epitelnu hiperplaziju duktalnog i lobularnog podrijetla (ADH i ALH), ravnu epitelijalnu atipiju (FEA), duktalni i lobularni karcinom in situ (DCIS i LCIS), te još neke promjene. Svrha ranog otkrivanja te liječenja ovih promjena zapravo je prevencija razvoja invazivnog karcinoma dojke. Karcinom dojke najčešći je karcinom u žena te predstavlja velik javnozdravstveni problem. Zbog toga je od iznimne važnosti pravovremeno otkriti te liječiti one pacijentice koje imaju visok rizik za razvoj karcinoma dojke. ADH moguća je preteča DCIS i low-grade invazivnih tumora dojke. Napredovanjem tehnologije i upotrebom igala šireg kalibra tijekom biopsije omogućeno je uzimanje i analiza tkiva većih dimenzija te na takav način lakše razlikovanje ADH od DCSI u uzorcima. ADH i ALH sadrže neke od karakteristika in situ karcinoma te nose povišen rizik za razvoj karcinoma dojke. Ravna epitelijalna atipija (FEA) ubraja se u skupinu kolumnarnih staničnih promjena te bi trebala ni biti znakom mogućih pridruženih promjena dojke poput ADH, LIN, DCIS ili invazivnog tubularnog karcinoma. DCIS najčešći je oblik neinvazivnog karcinoma dojke koji nastaje iz nastaje iz epitela terminalnih duktalno-lobularnih jedinica (TDLU). Smatra se da je DCIS visokog gradusa izravni preteča invazivnog karcinoma zbog svojih molekularnih i genetskih osobina. LCIS rijedak je oblik karcinoma koji može imati dvojaku ulogu, kao pokazatelj povećanog rizika od karcinoma u obje dojke, te kao izravni perkursor nekih vrsta raka dojke. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kompleksnost lezija visokog malignog potencijala dojke te dati pobliži uvid terapije ovih promjena. Također cilj je i podizanje svjesnosti liječnika o postojanju navedenih lezija te njihovoj važnosti u razvoju invazivnog karcinoma dojke.High-risk breast lesions are biologically and clinically heterogeneous group of neoplastic changes that have potential for direct progression to invasive breast carcinoma. Such changes include atypical epithelial hyperplasia of ductal and lobular origin (ADH and ALH), flat epithelial atypia (FEA), ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ (DCIS and LCIS), and some other changes. The purpose of early detection and treatment of these changes is actually prevention for development of invasive breast carcinoma. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and is a major public health problem. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to detect and treat patients who have a high risk of developing breast cancer . ADH is a possible forerunner to DCIS and low-invasive breast tumors. By advancing the technology and using broader caliber needles during the biopsy, it is possible to take and analyze larger tissue size and in such way distinguish ADH from DCSI. ADH and ALH contain some of the characteristics of in situ cancer and carry an increased risk for development of breast cancer. A flat epithelial atypia (FEA) is a group of colonic cellular changes and should be a sign of possible associated breast changes such as ADH, LIN, DCIS or invasive tubular carcinomas. DCIS is the most common form of non-invasive breast carcinoma which originates from epithelial terminal duct-lobular units (TDLU). DCIS is considered to be a direct precursor to invasive cancer due to its molecular and genetic traits. LCIS is a rare form of cancer that can play a dual role as an indicator of increased risk for cancer in both breasts and as a direct precursor of some types of breast cancer. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the complexity of high-risk breast lesions potential and to provide a closer insight into the therapy of these changes. One of the goals of this paper was to raise the physician's awareness about the existence of these lesions and their importance in the development of invasive breast cancer

Sigurnosni profil hormonskih kontraceptiva

Glavne prednosti suvremenih niskodozirnih hormonskih kontraceptiva uključuju relativnu sigurnost i visok stupanj djelotvornosti, smanjujući potrebu za pobačajem ili kirurškom sterilizacijom. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati identificirane i neke od potencijalnih rizika hormonskih kontraceptiva, s posebnim naglaskom na oralnu hormonsku kontracepciju. Iako su morbiditet i smrtnost uslijed primjene hormonskih kontraceptiva vrlo niski, ipak i dalje postoji prostor za poboljšanje praćenja njihovog sigurnosnog profila i poduzimanje mjera za sprječavanje neželjenih posljedica, posebice uzevši u obzir veliki broj osoba u svijetu koje ih primjenjuju. Ovaj rad daje pregled podataka dostupnih u znanstvenoj literaturi kao i analizu procjena koje su provela različita regulatorna tijela za lijekove s ciljem utvrđivanja omjera rizika i koristi primjene hormonske kontracepcije. Brojne studije su provedene s ciljem utvrđivanja sigurnosnog profila različitih oblika hormonske kontracepcije, uključujući i studije koje su ispitivale specifične rizike. Danas su nuspojave hormonskih kontraceptiva najčešće blage i nestaju nastavkom korištenja. Primjena kombiniranih hormonskih kontraceptiva rijetko može dovesti i do teških nuspojava, kao što su venske i arterijske tromboembolije, osobito kod žena s dodatnim čimbenicima rizika. Regulatorna tijela za lijekove su temeljem brojnih epidemioloških studija utvrdila da je, uz pravilnu primjenu i informiranje liječnika i korisnica, korist primjene hormonskih kontraceptiva veća od rizika. Sigurnosni profil se i dalje kontinuirano prati uz provođenje rutinskih i dodatnih mjera minimizacijeThe main advantages of modern low-dose hormonal contraceptives include relative safety and high efficacy, which reduces the need for abortion or surgical sterilization. The objective was to analyze the identified and some of the potential risks of hormonal contraceptives, with particular emphasis on oral hormonal contraception. Although morbidity and mortality due to the use of hormonal contraceptives is very low, monitoring of their safety profile and measures to prevent noxious and unintended responses can still be improved, especially considering the large number of women taking these medicines. This thesis presents an overview of the data available in the scientific literature as well as an analysis of the assessments performed by various health authorities in order to determine the benefit-risk ratio of hormonal contraceptives. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the safety profile of various forms of hormonal contraception, including studies that have been examining specific risks. Today, hormonal contraceptives side effects are usually mild and resolve with continuous use. The use of combined hormonal contraceptives can rarely lead to severe side effects, such as venous and arterial thromboembolism, especially in women with additional risk factors. Based on a number of epidemiological studies, health authorities have determined that the benefit of use of hormonal contraceptives is greater than the risk, with the correct administration and education of healthcare providers and patients. The safety profile is continuously monitored through routine and additional risk minimisation measures

Diagnosis and management of high-risk breast lesions (B3)

Lezije visokog malignog potencijala su biološki i klinički heterogena skupina neoplastičkih promjena koje imaju potencijal direktne progresije u invazivni karcinom dojke. Takve promjene u prvoj liniji uključuju atipičnu epitelnu hiperplaziju duktalnog i lobularnog podrijetla (ADH i ALH), ravnu epitelijalnu atipiju (FEA), duktalni i lobularni karcinom in situ (DCIS i LCIS), te još neke promjene. Svrha ranog otkrivanja te liječenja ovih promjena zapravo je prevencija razvoja invazivnog karcinoma dojke. Karcinom dojke najčešći je karcinom u žena te predstavlja velik javnozdravstveni problem. Zbog toga je od iznimne važnosti pravovremeno otkriti te liječiti one pacijentice koje imaju visok rizik za razvoj karcinoma dojke. ADH moguća je preteča DCIS i low-grade invazivnih tumora dojke. Napredovanjem tehnologije i upotrebom igala šireg kalibra tijekom biopsije omogućeno je uzimanje i analiza tkiva većih dimenzija te na takav način lakše razlikovanje ADH od DCSI u uzorcima. ADH i ALH sadrže neke od karakteristika in situ karcinoma te nose povišen rizik za razvoj karcinoma dojke. Ravna epitelijalna atipija (FEA) ubraja se u skupinu kolumnarnih staničnih promjena te bi trebala ni biti znakom mogućih pridruženih promjena dojke poput ADH, LIN, DCIS ili invazivnog tubularnog karcinoma. DCIS najčešći je oblik neinvazivnog karcinoma dojke koji nastaje iz nastaje iz epitela terminalnih duktalno-lobularnih jedinica (TDLU). Smatra se da je DCIS visokog gradusa izravni preteča invazivnog karcinoma zbog svojih molekularnih i genetskih osobina. LCIS rijedak je oblik karcinoma koji može imati dvojaku ulogu, kao pokazatelj povećanog rizika od karcinoma u obje dojke, te kao izravni perkursor nekih vrsta raka dojke. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kompleksnost lezija visokog malignog potencijala dojke te dati pobliži uvid terapije ovih promjena. Također cilj je i podizanje svjesnosti liječnika o postojanju navedenih lezija te njihovoj važnosti u razvoju invazivnog karcinoma dojke.High-risk breast lesions are biologically and clinically heterogeneous group of neoplastic changes that have potential for direct progression to invasive breast carcinoma. Such changes include atypical epithelial hyperplasia of ductal and lobular origin (ADH and ALH), flat epithelial atypia (FEA), ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ (DCIS and LCIS), and some other changes. The purpose of early detection and treatment of these changes is actually prevention for development of invasive breast carcinoma. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and is a major public health problem. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to detect and treat patients who have a high risk of developing breast cancer . ADH is a possible forerunner to DCIS and low-invasive breast tumors. By advancing the technology and using broader caliber needles during the biopsy, it is possible to take and analyze larger tissue size and in such way distinguish ADH from DCSI. ADH and ALH contain some of the characteristics of in situ cancer and carry an increased risk for development of breast cancer. A flat epithelial atypia (FEA) is a group of colonic cellular changes and should be a sign of possible associated breast changes such as ADH, LIN, DCIS or invasive tubular carcinomas. DCIS is the most common form of non-invasive breast carcinoma which originates from epithelial terminal duct-lobular units (TDLU). DCIS is considered to be a direct precursor to invasive cancer due to its molecular and genetic traits. LCIS is a rare form of cancer that can play a dual role as an indicator of increased risk for cancer in both breasts and as a direct precursor of some types of breast cancer. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the complexity of high-risk breast lesions potential and to provide a closer insight into the therapy of these changes. One of the goals of this paper was to raise the physician's awareness about the existence of these lesions and their importance in the development of invasive breast cancer

Das reUSE-Projekt

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Ethnic intermarriage in Croatia with special emphasis on the Czech minority

This article analyzes interethnic marriage in Croatia in terms of nationality throughout a forty-five year period (1970-2015) on the basis of vital statistics with special consideration of the Czech minority. The usual method of endogamy/exogamy percentage and the odds ratio method were applied. The results show that the percentage of endogamous marriages in Croatia has significantly risen after 1991. Different ethnic groups display various attitudes towards endogamy, ranging from 15 to over 90 percent. Along with Italians, Hungarians and Slovaks, Czechs are less endogamous than other national minorities. Gender differences, contrary to the conclusions in the literature, show that Czech men enter into marriage outside their group less often than Czech women. The change of political climate in Croatia during the 1990s resulted not only in the increase of endogamy, but also affected the structure of mixed marriages among Czechs

Deciding what to replicate: a decision model for replication study selection under resource and knowledge constraints

Robust scientific knowledge is contingent upon replication of original findings. However, replicating researchers are constrained by resources, and will almost always have to choose one replication effort to focus on from a set of potential candidates. To select a candidate efficiently in these cases, we need methods for deciding which out of all candidates considered would be the most useful to replicate, given some overall goal researchers wish to achieve. In this article we assume that the overall goal researchers wish to achieve is to maximize the utility gained by conducting the replication study. We then propose a general rule for study selection in replication research based on the replication value of the set of claims considered for replication. The replication value of a claim is defined as the maximum expected utility we could gain by conducting a replication of the claim, and is a function of (a) the value of being certain about the claim, and (b) uncertainty about the claim based on current evidence. We formalize this definition in terms of a causal decision model, utilizing concepts from decision theory and causal graph modeling. We discuss the validity of using replication value as a measure of expected utility gain, and we suggest approaches for deriving quantitative estimates of replication value. Our goal in this article is not to define concrete guidelines for study selection, but to provide the necessary theoretical foundations on which such concrete guidelines could be built.Translational Abstract Replication-redoing a study using the same procedures-is an important part of checking the robustness of claims in the psychological literature. The practice of replicating original studies has been woefully devalued for many years, but this is now changing. Recent calls for improving the quality of research in psychology has generated a surge of interest in funding, conducting, and publishing replication studies. Because many studies have never been replicated, and researchers have limited time and money to perform replication studies, researchers must decide which studies are the most important to replicate. This way scientists learn the most, given limited resources. In this article, we lay out what it means to think about what is the most important thing to replicate, and we propose a general decision rule for picking a study to replicate. That rule depends on a concept we call replication value. Replication value is a function of the importance of the study, and how uncertain we are about the findings. In this article we explain how researchers can think precisely about the value of replication studies. We then discuss when and how it makes sense to use replication value as a measure of how valuable a replication study would be, and we discuss factors that funders, journals, or scientists could consider when determining how valuable a replication study is.Multivariate analysis of psychological dat