Spatial and temporal analysis of myocardial infarction incidence in Zanjan province, Iran

BACKGROUND: Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a major important public health concern and has huge burden on health system across the world. This study aimed to explore the spatial and temporal analysis of the incidence of MI to identify potential clusters of the incidence of MI patterns across rural areas in Zanjan province, Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS: This was a retrospective and geospatial analysis study of the incidence of MI data from nine hospitals during 2014–2018. Three different spatial analysis methods (Spatial autocorrelation, hot spot analysis and cluster and outlier analysis) were used to identify potential clusters and high-risk areas of the incidence of MI at the study area. RESULTS: Three thousand eight hundred twenty patients were registered at Zanjan hospitals due to MI during 2014–2018. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate of MI was 343 cases per 100,000 person which was raised from 88 cases in 2014 to 114 cases in 2018 per 100,000 person-year (a 30% increase, P < 0.001). Golabar region had the highest age-adjusted incidence rate of MI (515 cases per 100,000 person). Five hot spots and one high-high cluster were detected using spatial analysis methods. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there is a great deal of spatial variations in the pattern of the incidence of MI in Zanjan province. The high incidence rate of MI in the study area compared to the national average, is a warning to local health authorities to determine the possible causes of disease incidence and potential drivers of high-risk areas. The spatial cluster analysis provides new evidence for policy-makers to design tailored interventions to reduce the incidence of MI and allocate health resource to unmet need areas. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11695-8

Free convection of hybrid nanofluids in a C-shaped chamber under variable heat flux and magnetic field: simulation, sensitivity analysis, and artificial neural networks

In the present investigation, the free convection energFree convection of hybrid nanofluids in a C-shaped chamber under variable heat flux and magnetic field: simulation, sensitivity analysis, and artificial neural networksy transport was studied in a C-shaped tilted chamber with the inclination angle α that was filled with the MWCNT (MultiWall Carbon Nanotubes)-Fe3O4-H2O hybrid nanofluid and it is affected by the magnetic field and thermal flux. The control equations were numerically resolved by the finite element method (FEM). Then, using the artificial neural network (ANN) combined with the particles swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), the Nusselt number was predicted, followed by investigating the effect of parameters including the Rayleigh number (Ra), the Hartmann number (Ha), the nanoparticles concentration (ϕ), the inclination angle of the chamber (α), and the aspect ratio (AR) on the heat transfer rate. The results showed the high accuracy of the ANN optimized by the PSO algorithm in the prediction of the Nusselt number such that the mean squared error in the ANN model is 0.35, while in the ANN model, it was optimized using the PSO algorithm (ANN-PSO) is 0.22, suggesting the higher accuracy of the latter. It was also found that, among the studied parameters with an effect on the heat transfer rate, the Rayleigh number and aspect ratio have the greatest impact on the thermal transmission intensification. The obtained data also showed that a growth of the Hartmann number illustrates a reduction of the Nusselt number for high Rayleigh numbers and the heat transfer rate is almost constant for low Rayleigh number values

Introducing teacher action research to language teachers: a new movement in language pedagogy

The main premise of this paper is to highlight the significance of teacher action research in language pedagogy as a tool for English teachers to ameliorate their teaching process. This study seeks to investigate two distinct objectives. First it aims to introduce three types of professional actions in teacher action research (TAR) to a group of English language teachers during pre-service and in-service TAR course program and learn its contributions to their professional development. Secondly, it aims at assessing and evaluating teachers' self-reported changes in knowledge and attitudes towards TAR through a retrospective pre-test. As for the second aim of the study, the researchers also seek to discover possible relationship(s) between variables such as teachers' level of education, their teaching experience, knowledge and attitudes towards TAR (both after and before being familiar with its concept and practice)

Investigation the effect of corporate governance on the financing cost

Financing companies’ quality of corporate governance is one of the important factors to financing, because it can has an effect on payment risk or an un-payment, hence, we can state that the quality of corporate governance will influence on financing cost. Corporate governance causes to reduce the financing crisis risk. This problem is very important, when this risk leads to create more expenses. So, corporate governance causes to reduce the investing costs, and in conclusion increases the value of company. Naturally, the quality of corporate governance leads to create trust and reliance in investors and reduces their informational risk and surely will influence on companies financing cost. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate governance, shareholders control, independence of directorate on the financing cost of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 5 years (since 2006 to 2013).The population is 448 companies that 221 companies had been selected with Chochran method. The result of this research indicates that corporate governance has not significantly effect on the companies financing cost

The investigation of audit quality on the cost of financing

Audit quality and its components are factors that play an important role in the financing costs of firms, and consider many studies regarding financial decisions about methods of financing. In this study, we will investigate the relationship between audit quality and cost of financing in Listed Companies in Tehran SEC with examining the importance of financing costs (interest expense) . Naturally, Audit quality creates a trust and confidence in investors, which in turn reduces the information risk and certainly will affect the cost of financing of firms. This study examines the relationship between audit quality (size of the audit firm) and the cost of financing in Iran. Therefore, members of certified public accountants for auditing the auditor considered small audit firms and the audit staff of auditors is much more ancient one. The results of the survey of 221 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2006 to 2011 show that audit quality has a significant effect on the cost of financing

Investigation the effect of corporate governance on the financing cost

Financing companies’ quality of corporate governance is one of the important factors to financing, because it can has an effect on payment risk or an un-payment, hence, we can state that the quality of corporate governance will influence on financing cost. Corporate governance causes to reduce the financing crisis risk. This problem is very important, when this risk leads to create more expenses. So, corporate governance causes to reduce the investing costs, and in conclusion increases the value of company. Naturally, the quality of corporate governance leads to create trust and reliance in investors and reduces their informational risk and surely will influence on companies financing cost. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate governance, shareholders control, independence of directorate on the financing cost of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 5 years (since 2006 to 2013).The population is 448 companies that 221 companies had been selected with Chochran method. The result of this research indicates that corporate governance has not significantly effect on the companies financing cost