Reported a case of Flies larvae that cause myasis (genus Sarcophaga fertoni) in stool, In Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province

چکیده زمینه و هدف: مگسها در اکثر نقاط جغرافیایی در هر جایی که انسان بتواند زندگی کند به غیر از قطبها در ارتباط با انسان وجود دارند و از انسان سود می برند. در جوامع انسانی مگس خانواده های موسیده (Muscidae)، کالیفوریده (Calliphoridae) و سارکوفاژیده (Sarcophagidae) در ارتباط نزدیک با انسان زندگی میکنند میاز روده ایی اگرچه که همیشه گزارش نمی شود ولی در مطالعه ایی در چین 54 مورد آن گزارش شده است و مگسها با توجه به حضور در همه جا میتوانند در هر غذایی لارو گذاری و تخمگذاری کنند و اگر این آلودگی در نمونه مدفوع گرفته شده برای آزمایش مدفوع باشد میتواند باعث اشتباه در تشخیص و نگرانی فرد آزمایشگر و فرد آزمایش شونده شود و هدف از این گزارش آشنایی کارشناسان آزمایشگاه در موارد نادر وجود لارو در نمونه مدفوع است. گزارش مورد: این گزارش مربوط به یک دختری 7 ساله اهل و ساکن سنندج است که برای ورود به دبستان و جلوگیری از شیوع آلودگی های انگلی در مدارس در 3 نوبت آزمایش مدفوع داده است در نمونه مدفوع نوبت سوم تخم آسکاریس کریستالهای شارکوت لیدن و تعداد زیادی لارو متحرک دیده شد، با انتقال مورد به گروه انگل شناسی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان مشخص شد لاروها مربوط به نوعی مگس است پس از نگهداری نمونه ها در شرایط آزمایشگاهی مناسب لاروها تبدیل به پوپ و نهایتاً در ادامه استحاله، پوپها بعد از 13 روز تبدیل به حشره بالغ شدند. نتیجه گیری: با بررسی بیشتر و انجام آزمایشهای تکمیلی و مشاهده وضعیت سالم مورد و با توجه به اطلاعات موجود در پرسشنامه مشخص شد نمونه به طور غیرصحیح نگهداری و به آزمایشگاه تشخیص طبی انتقال داده شده است و به طریقی با لارو مگس آلوده شده و لاروها از بیمار دفع نشده است و با توجه به کلیدهای تشخیصی، مشخص شد لاروها مربوط به گونه ی سارکوفاگا فرتونی (Sarcophagi fertoni) است

The effects of supplemented sericin on in vitro maturation and preimplantation development of mouse embryos: An experimental study

Background: Mouse embryo culture condition is an essential part of transgenic, reproductive and developmental biology laboratories. Mouse embryonic culture media may have a high risk of serum contamination with pathogens.  Objective: To investigate the effect of sericin as an embryo culture medium supplement on in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and development of the preimplantation embryo in mice. Materials and Methods: The effects of sericin at three concentrations (subgroups) of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% as a medium supplement on IVM, IVF, and in vitro development of mouse embryos were separately investigated and compared with a sericin-free (control) group. The cumulative effect of the three concentrations was evaluated for IVM + in vitro development and IVF + in vitro development as follow-up groups. Results: In the IVM group, compared to the control group, the number of oocysts reaching the MII stage was significantly higher when 1% sericin was used (161/208 = 77.4%). No significant results were observed in the IVF and in vitro development groups with different concentrations of sericin compared to the control group. Among the follow-up groups, in the IVM + in vitro development group, the number of oocytes was higher after passing the IVM and IVF and reaching the blastocysts stage when 1% sericin was used, compared with other sericin subgroups. A significant difference was also noted when compared with the control group (p = 0.048). The IVF + in vitro development study group, on the other hand, did not show any significant relationship. Conclusion: It can be concluded that 1% sericin can be used as a supplement in mouse embryo cultures to improve the IVM rate. Also, based on the findings, sericin appears to be an effective supplement which can have a positive effect on the development of embryos derived from IVM. Key words: Sericin, In vitro maturation, In vitro fertilization, Preimplantation embryo, Culture medium, Mice

Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination of Raw Vegetables in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2013

Introduction and purpose: Parasitic diseases have led to economic and health&nbsp;problems around the world. One of the most common ways for the transmission&nbsp;of these diseases is the consumption of raw vegetables contaminated with&nbsp;parasite. These diseases can be prevented through obtaining knowledge about the&nbsp;parasitic contamination of the vegetables. Regarding this, the aim of the present&nbsp;study was to evaluate the prevalence and type of raw vegetables &nbsp;contamination&nbsp;in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2013.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 360 vegetable samples&nbsp;distributed in 60 greengroceries in Sanandaj in 2017. The data were analyzed&nbsp;using the SPSS version 16.Results: In total, 16.3% of the vegetable samples were contaminated with various&nbsp;types of parasites, including free-living nematode (12.2%), Entamoeba coli&nbsp;(1.7%), Giardia (0.8%), Blastocystis hominis (0.8%), and Dicrocoelium (0.8%).&nbsp;However, most of the contaminations (81.6%) were found in the vegetables,&nbsp;which were imported from regions other than Kurdistan province. Basil had the&nbsp;highest level of contamination, whereas coriander and lettuce had the lowest&nbsp;contamination level (P=0<05). Additionally, the vegetables had the highest and&nbsp;lowest contamination levels in the winter and spring, respectively.Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the present study, it is recommend to&nbsp;thoroughly perform parasite decontamination before the consumption of&nbsp;vegetables. Furthermore, the officials can prevent the parasitic diseases by &nbsp;careful monitoring of public food distribution centers and controlling the source&nbsp;of vegetables in the winter

Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections in Kurdistan province, northwest Iran

Objective: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the main health problems worldwide. The signs and symptoms depending on the type of parasite and conditions of host can be mild, moderate, or severe. In the present study, we attempted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections in individuals referred to medical laboratories in Sanandaj city, in the center of Kurdistan province, northwest Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done from 1 June 2015 to 31 August 2016, during which 1383 fecal samples were collected randomly from individuals who were referred to medical laboratories. All the samples were examined using direct slide smear, formalin-ether concentration, and staining methods. Results: Out of the 1383 stool specimens examined, 297 (21.5%) were infected with single or multiple intestinal parasites. Protozoan parasites were detected the most from the samples and helminths were very much less prevalent. Finally, the analyzed data showed a significant difference between intestinal parasitic infections and reasons for referral (p = 0.002), age groups (p ≤ 0.01), education (p ≤ 0.01), and seasonal variation (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infections especially protozoan parasites are still prevalent in the center of Kurdistan province. Therefore, health providers are recommended to consider this health problem by establishing accurate diagnosis and designing interventional program to decrease the rate of such infections in this district

Effects of Frequent Announced Parasitology Quizzes on the Academic Achievement

  Background: The effect of frequent examinations on the students’ learning has had inconsistent results. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of fre-quent announced quizzes on the learning of a representative sample of Iranian medical students. Methods: This experimental study was conducted among 37 fifth semester medical students who had taken the course in Protozoology and Helminthology, in which the same basic information were provided about different types of pro-tozoa and worms. Initially, in the teaching of helminthology, ten routine sessions were handled with lectures and interactive questions and answers. Then at the beginning of the protozoology topic in the beginning of all of the next 9 ses-sions, the students were informed that they will have a quiz at the end of each session. At the end of the semester, the total scores of quizzes were compared with the mean final scores of protozoology and helminthology using paired t and repeated measure tests. Results: The mean final scores of the protozoology lesson were not significantly different from that of the helminthology (10.45 ± 2.75 vs.11.25 ± 2.56 on the scale of 20, respectively, P=0.13). There was no significant difference in the mean score of the five quizzes compared with the mean final term score of pro-tozoology. The overall mean scores in the helminthology lesson (11.25±2.56), protozoology lesson (10.45±2.75), and the quizzes (9.16 ± 3.55) were signifi-cantly different (P <0.0001). Conclusion: Frequent announced quizzes were not effective on increasing the medical students' motivation and learning

Downregulation of Calcineurin Gene is Associated with Glucantime Resiatance in Leishmania Infantum

Background: Pentavalent antimonials are the first line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Unresponsiveness of Leishmania spp. to antimonial drugs is a serious problem in some endemic areas. Investigations on molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring and managing of the disease. Calcineu­rin is an essential protein phosphatase for number of signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells and it has a mediated role in apoptosis. This study aimed to determine of biomarker(s) in Glucantime® resiatance strain of L. infan­tum.Methods: We used cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and real time-RT PCR assays to compare gene expression profiles at the mRNA levels in resistant and susceptible L. infantum field isolates.Results: The cDNA-AFLP results showed downlegulation of calcineurin in resis­tant isolate in comparison with susceptible one. Significant downregulation of calcineu­rin (0.42 fold) (P<0.05) was found in resistant isolate compared to suscepti­ble one by Real time-RT PCR.Conclusion: This is the first report of calcineurin implication in Glucantime® drug resistance of field (natural) isolate of L. infantum. Downregulation of calcineurin could protect parasites from antimonial-induced apoptosis