In vitro induction of tuber formation for the synthesis of secondary metabolites in Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand

Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. et Fernand an endangered herb is valued for several medicinal properties in its tuberous roots. An efficient and reproducible method for inducing in vitro tubers from stem disc explant has been developed. Stem disc possessing shoot buds were induced to develop multiple shoots in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with vitamins, 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and 5 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP). Healthy regenerated shoots were rooted in MS basal medium containing 3% sucrose (w/v), 0.8% agar supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (2 mg/L). On further sub culturing, the maximum percentage of tuber formation was obtained in growth hormone free half (½) MS liquid media supplemented with vitamins and 1.5% sucrose after 8 to 9 weeks. The saponin contents of the in vitro and in vivo raised tubers were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). There was a significant similarity in the saponins in both tubers. The in vitro raised tubers showed similar high metabolite content than in vivo grown tubers which is required for medicinal applications. The rooted plantlets were transferred to peat and sand (2:1) with more than 80% success. This is the 1st report of in vitro tuber formation and secondary metabolites screening of C. borivilianum. This work will give a strong impetus to the pharmaceutical and neutraceutical sectors.Keywords: Chlorophytum borivilianum, tuber formation, saponin, liquid medium, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(20), pp. 2900-2907

Ethnopharmacological based evaluation of Anogeissus pendula Edgew extracts for antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential

Background: Anogeissus pendula has various reported ethnomedicinal uses and is reported to contain phenolic compounds which have antioxidant potential. Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential and in vivo hepatoprotective activity along with the oxidative stress parameters of stem bark and leaves of Anogeissus pendula for the first time. Settings and Design: Albino rats were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Healthy control (Group I) and toxic control (Group II) received the vehicle. Group III, IV, V, VI and VII were treated with silymarin (100 mg/kg body weight, orally) and two hydro-alcoholic extracts i.e., APB (stem bark) and APL (leaves) at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b. w., orally, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was induced by allyl alcohol. Materials and Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex between 8-12 weeks old were used. The plant parts were collected from Sawai Madhopur (Rajasthan, India) and extracted with hydro-alcoholic solvent to get two extracts i.e., APB (stem bark) and APL (leaves) which were investigated for the in vitro antioxidant potential through DPPH radical and H2O2scavenging assay along with in vivo hepatoprotective potential through allyl alcohol induced hepatotoxicity. Statistical Analysis: Statistical comparisons between different groups were done by using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. P< 0.05 was considered significant. Results and Conclusions: APB showed more potent activity than APL in case of in vitro antioxidant potential with IC50of 44.29 μg/ml in DPPH radical scavenging activity and 53.09 μg/ml in hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Both the extracts revealed antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials in a dose dependent manner but more significant results were obtained in case of APB at 400 mg/kg. More amounts of phytoconstituents might be the reason behind the more significant activity of extract of stem bark than that of the leaves

Pharmacognostic evaluation of stem bark and leaves of Anogeissus pendula Edgew

Background: Anogeissus pendula Edgew has ethnomedicinal importance in various parts of India. It is used in diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, wound healing, burns, skin diseases and gastric disorder. No attempts have been made regarding pharmacognostic investigation of the plant till date. Aim: The present study aimed to perform the pharmacognostic study of leaf and stem bark of Anogeissus pendula Edgew. Settings and Design: The study was designed in accordance with standard procedures. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostic studies viz. organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical and chromatographic fingerprinting on fresh and dried plant parts along with the hydroalcoholic extracts were conducted. Results and Conclusions: A. pendula has dorsiventral oblanceolate to obovate leaves arranged in opposite pairs while the stem bark has rough appearance and ash to greyish white in colour. Leaves have anomocytic type of stomata. The characteristic microscopic features of leaves were observed to be epidermal cells, palisade and spongy parenchyma, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem cells. Stem bark microscopy revealed the presence of periderm, secondary cortex and secondary phloem. Chromatographic fingerprinting of extracts showed the presence of flavonoids (Rutin and Quercetin) and they were quantified. Rutin was found to be 6.23% w/w in leaves and 9.97% w/w in stem bark extract while Quercetin to be 27.29% w/w and 51.62% respectively. The present study evaluated various pharmacognostic parameters which will help in quality control (standardization) of A. pendula Edgew in crude form, in herbal formulations and also aid in the preparation of an herbal monograph for the species

CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY TO ASSESS THE BENEFICIARIES EXPERIENCE REGARDING COVID -19 VACCINATION IN VACCINATED CANDIDATES IN A TRIBAL DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN - EMIGH PROSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT-BACKGROUND-A year with covid-19 has been a harrowing breakneck journey. On 11th March-2020 WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. It spread across globe in span of 3 months, this is how emergence of unknown virus became a multifaceted pandemic. Till date no definitive treatment of covid-19 is available, except hope of vaccination. We must ensure safe and effective vaccination to protect people. It’s been largest vaccination drive, that’s why important to know the beneficiary’s point of view regarding covid vaccination process. So that the result of this study can be used to amend the process if needed, to make the process more beneficiary friendly. Method-Cross sectional study was conducted in a government covid vaccination centerto assess the beneficiaries prospective about their experience of covid-19 vaccine. Study duration was 6 months. Data was collected with the help of semi-structured proforma. Results-Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS-20. Approximately 93% of participants received vaccination appointment. Around 58% participants were screened for covid-19 symptoms. Most (90%) participants said that physical distancing was maintained during vaccination, 93% participants were informed about of vaccination process, 85% participant mentioned that Staff had explained about AEFI before vaccination and 76% participants mentioned that they received Covishied, only 1 participant reported AEFI within 30 mins of waiting period and he received the preliminary treatment at vaccination center. Conclusion-feedback from the user is a good way to quality check, their reviews give the opportunity to improve. Most of the vaccines were satisfied with the vaccination procedure