Femmes, travail et migration dans la décennie de la « ménagérisation » : le cas des grandes migrations internes en Italie dans les années 1960

Durant les années 1960, l’Italie a connu une migration interne de masse des régions méridionales vers celles du Nord-Ouest, où se déroulait le boom économique italien de l’après-guerre. La présence féminine dans ces flux était importante mais, pendant longtemps, les études ont dirigé leur attention vers les hommes, rendus plus visibles en raison, surtout, de leur présence prépondérante dans le secteur mécanique ainsi que dans les luttes syndicales ouvrières des années 1960 et 1970. L’expérience des femmes immigrées a été très peu étudiée et a souvent été évoquée de façon superficielle, en ayant recours aux stéréotypes les plus diffusés sur « la culture méridionale », que l’on suppose être hostile au travail des femmes. De plus, l’invisibilité du rôle actif des femmes immigrées pendant les années du « miracle économique » italien est liée à l’idée que la décennie 1960 avait été caractérisée par un processus de ménagérisation (« casalinghizzazione ») des femmes des couches populaires. Selon cette hypothèse, le nouveau bien-être économique aurait encouragé les femmes d’ouvriers à quitter le marché du travail pour réaliser leur rêve de devenir femmes au foyer. Mais les femmes qui ont quitté le Sud pour s’établir dans le Nord industriel sont-elles vraiment restées en dehors du marché du travail ?Dans cet article nous nous interrogerons sur l’idée de la ménagérisation à partir de l’observation de l’expérience des femmes immigrées à Turin, l’une des principales villes du triangle industriel italien. Les parcours migratoires et les itinéraires dans le marché du travail de ces femmes révèlent une réalité complexe, où l’aspiration au travail des femmes ayant des enfants est contrastée par des facteurs liés à la spécificité de la condition d’immigrée. Nous mettrons en lumière ces facteurs et nous analyserons les stratégies mises en place par les femmes et leurs familles pour faire face à ces contraintes. Dans certains cas, on peut observer une nouvelle répartition des tâches domestiques entre les genres en fonction du travail de la femme ; dans d’autres cas, les femmes doivent se replier sur des activités par intermittence, plus flexibles que le travail industriel mais souvent non déclarées. On observera qu’au-delà d’une dimension économique, le travail, pour les femmes immigrées, peut aussi répondre à d’autres besoins, notamment sortir de l’isolement social causé par le déplacement dans le nouvel environnement.During the 1960s, Italy experienced a mass internal migration from the Southern regions toward the North-West of the country, where the post-war Italian economic boom unfolded. The female presence in these flows was important, but for a long time the experience of immigrant women has been understudied and has often been superficially evoked, using the most widespread stereotypes about “Southern culture”, which is assumed to be hostile to women’s work. Moreover, the invisibility of the active role of immigrant women during the years of the Italian “economic miracle” is linked to the idea that the new economic well-being would have encouraged women workers to leave the labour market to fulfill their dream of becoming housewives. But have women who left the South to settle in the industrial North really stayed out of the labor market?In this article we will observe the experience of immigrant women in Turin, one of the main cities of the Italian industrial triangle. The migratory pathways and the pathways in the labour market of these women reveal a complex reality, where the aspiration to work of women with children is contrasted by factors related to the specificity of the immigrant condition. We will shed light on these factors and analyse the strategies implemented by women and their families to cope with these constraints. In some cases, a new division of domestic tasks between husband and wife may be observed depending on the work of the woman; in other cases, women have to fall back on activities that are intermittent, more flexible than industrial work but often undeclared. It will be observed that beyond an economic dimension, work for immigrant women can also meet other needs, including getting out from the social isolation caused by displacement in the new environment

Quitter le Mezzogiorno : parcours d’enracinement des Italiens en Provence et dans le Nord-Ouest de l’Italie entre 1945 et 1970

Les protagonistes de cette étude sont les familles originaires du Mezzogiorno (Italie du Sud) qui, dans les années 1950 et 1960, se sont installées dans les zones urbaines de Marseille et de Turin. L’article compare une migration internationale et une migration nationale dans le but de mettre en évidence des mécanismes constants du processus migratoire, mais aussi pour évaluer le poids de quelques variables liées aux spécificités structurelles qui caractérisent les deux contextes d’arrivée. Le thème central de l’enquête sont les facteurs qui peuvent conditionner la mobilité sociale et économique des secondes générations à travers l’analyse des trajectoires de travail des parents, leurs stratégies résidentielles et leurs réseaux de sociabilité tissés dans la ville. Le but est de comprendre les retombées de cette conjonction de facteurs sur les itinéraires scolaires et professionnels de leurs enfants.The protagonists of this study are the families from Southern Italy who settled in the urban areas of Marseille and Turin in the post-World War II years. The article compare an international and an internal migration in order to focus on some constant mechanisms of the migratory process but also to evaluate the weight of some variables linked to the structural specificities of the two contexts. This paper investigates the factors that condition the social and economic mobility of the second generations. The analysis is focused on the working paths of the parents, on their networks of relationships and on their residential choices in order to understand the effects that this set of factors can have on the educational and professional paths of the children.Los protagonistas de este estudio son las familias originarias del Sur de Italia que en la Posguerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se insertaran en las áreas urbanas de Marsella y Turín. El articulo compara una migración internacional con una migración interior para enfocar algunos mecanismos constantes del proceso migratorio, pero también analiza la importancia de algunas variables vinculadas a las especificidades estructurales propias de los dos contextos. El tema central que queremos investigar es acerca de los factores que afectan la movilidad social y económica de las segundas generaciones. El análisis se centra en las vidas laborales de los padres, sus redes de relaciones y sus elecciones de domicilio para comprender los efectos que esta combinación de factores pueda llevar en las trayectorias educativas y profesionales de los hijos

Correlation of Structure, Function and Protein Dynamics in GH7 Cellobiohydrolases from \u3cem\u3eTrichoderma atroviride\u3c/em\u3e, \u3cem\u3eT. reesei\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eT. harzianum\u3c/em\u3e

Background: The ascomycete fungus Trichoderma reesei is the predominant source of enzymes for industrial conversion of lignocellulose. Its glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolase (GH7 CBH) TreCel7A constitutes nearly half of the enzyme cocktail by weight and is the major workhorse in the cellulose hydrolysis process. The orthologs from Trichoderma atroviride (TatCel7A) and Trichoderma harzianum (ThaCel7A) show high sequence identity with TreCel7A, ~ 80%, and represent naturally evolved combinations of cellulose-binding tunnel-enclosing loop motifs, which have been suggested to influence intrinsic cellobiohydrolase properties, such as endo-initiation, processivity, and off-rate. Results: The TatCel7A, ThaCel7A, and TreCel7A enzymes were characterized for comparison of function. The catalytic domain of TatCel7A was crystallized, and two structures were determined: without ligand and with thio-cellotriose in the active site. Initial hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose was faster with TatCel7A than either ThaCel7A or TreCel7A. In synergistic saccharification of pretreated corn stover, both TatCel7A and ThaCel7A were more efficient than TreCel7A, although TatCel7A was more sensitive to thermal inactivation. Structural analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate important structure/function correlations. Moreover, reverse conservation analysis (RCA) of sequence diversity revealed divergent regions of interest located outside the cellulose-binding tunnel of Trichoderma spp. GH7 CBHs. Conclusions: We hypothesize that the combination of loop motifs is the main determinant for the observed differences in Cel7A activity on cellulosic substrates. Fine-tuning of the loop flexibility appears to be an important evolutionary target in Trichoderma spp., a conclusion supported by the RCA data. Our results indicate that, for industrial use, it would be beneficial to combine loop motifs from TatCel7A with the thermostability features of TreCel7A. Furthermore, one region implicated in thermal unfolding is suggested as a primary target for protein engineering

Backdating systematic shell ornament making in Europe to 45,000 years ago.

Personal ornaments are commonly linked to the emergence of symbolic behavior. Although their presence in Africa dates back to the Middle Stone Age, evidence of ornament manufacturing in Eurasia are sporadically observed in Middle Palaeolithic contexts, and until now, large-scale diffusion has been well documented only since the Upper Palaeolithic. Nevertheless, little is known during the period between ca. 50,000 and 40,000 years ago (ka), when modern humans colonized Eurasia replacing existing hominin populations such as the Neandertals, and a variety of “transitional” and/or early Upper Palaeolithic cultures emerged. Here, we present shell ornaments from the Uluzzian site of Grotta del Cavallo in Italy, southern Europe. Our results show evidence of a local production of shell beads for ornamental purposes as well as a trend toward higher homogeneity in tusk bead shape and size over time. The temporal interval of the layers of interest (45–40 ka) makes Cavallo the earliest known shell ornament making context in Europe

Accuracy of self-assessment of real-life functioning in schizophrenia

A consensus has not yet been reached regarding the accuracy of people with schizophrenia in self-reporting their real-life functioning. In a large (n=618) cohort of stable, community-dwelling schizophrenia patients we sought to: (1) examine the concordance of patients' reports of their real-life functioning with the reports of their key caregiver; (2) identify which patient characteristics are associated to the differences between patients and informants. Patient-caregiver concordance of the ratings in three Specific Level of Functioning Scale (SLOF) domains (interpersonal relationships, everyday life skills, work skills) was evaluated with matched-pair t tests, the Lin's concordance correlation, Somers' D, and Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreement (LOA). Predictors of the patient-caregiver differences in SLOF ratings were assessed with a linear regression with multivariable fractional polynomials. Patients' self-evaluation of functioning was higher than caregivers' in all the evaluated domains of the SLOF and 17.6% of the patients exceeded the LOA, thus providing a self-evaluation discordant from their key caregivers. The strongest predictors of patient-caregiver discrepancies were caregivers' ratings in each SLOF domain. In clinically stable outpatients with a moderate degree of functional impairment, self-evaluation with the SLOF scale can become a useful, informative and reliable clinical tool to design a tailored rehabilitation program

Early life of Neanderthals

The early onset of weaning in modern humans has been linked to the high nutritional demand of brain development that is intimately connected with infant physiology and growth rate. In Neanderthals, ontogenetic patterns in early life are still debated, with some studies suggesting an accelerated development and others indicating only subtle differences to modern humans. Here we report the onset of weaning and rates of enamel growth using an unprecedented sample set of three late (~70-50 ka) Neanderthals and one Upper Paleolithic modern human from Northeastern-Italy via spatially-resolved chemical/isotopic analyses and histomorphometry of deciduous teeth. Our results reveal that the modern human nursing strategy, with onset of weaning at 5-6 months, was present among these Neanderthals. This evidence, combined with dental development akin to modern humans, highlights their similar metabolic constraints during early life and excludes late weaning as a factor contributing to Neanderthals' demise

À l’école du Nord. La scolarisation des enfants de migrants du Mezzogiorno dans les années 1960

La migration des Méridionaux vers les villes du triangle industriel de l’Italie du Nord dans les années 1960 prend souvent un caractère familial. Elle pèse donc d’un poids important sur la scolarisation des enfants, de manière préjudiciable. Les situations d’échec sont nombreuses et les parcours scolaires en sont raccourcis. Le déracinement social et culturel, l’instabilité résidentielle au sein des villes d’accueil, les distinctions de genre, les préjugés du corps enseignant et l’inadaptation des dispositifs scolaires d’accueil constituent autant de facteurs explicatifs.The family migration of people from South Italy to cities in the industrial triangle of northern Italy in the influences the schooling of children in a prejudicial way. The failures are numerous and school paths are shortened. Social and cultural uprooting, residential instability in host cities, gender distinctions, teachers' prejudices and the inadequacy of school reception systems are all explanatory factors.La migrazione dei Meridionali verso le città del triangolo industriale del Nord Italia, negli anni ‘60, assume spesso un carattere familiare. Ciò influisce, spesso, in modo svantaggioso sulla scolarizzazione dei bambini. Le situazioni di insuccessi scolastici sono numerose e i percorsi di studi vengono ridotti. Lo sradicamento sociale e culturale, le difficoltà d’integrazione nelle città ospitanti, le differenze di genere, i pregiudizi verso il personale docente e l’inadeguatezza dei sistemi scolastici costituiscono fattori altrettanto considerevol

Lavoro femminile e imprese familiari in anni di mobilità interna : Torino 1960-1980

International audienceNelle migrazioni di massa degli anni sessanta del Novecento dal Meridione d’Italia verso le città industriali del Nord-ovest del Paese il lavoro dipendente è stato il più studiato dagli storici. Ma il lavoro in proprio ha rappresentato una delle vie principali di ricerca di una mobilità sociale per gli immigrati. In queste avventure imprenditoriali le donne avevano un ruolo attivo, ma non sempre visibile. Attraverso l’analisi di interviste in profondità, l’articolo analizza i ruoli, le aspettative e il rapporto delle donne immigrate nei confronti del lavoro nell’ambito di imprese familiari