Coding-theorem Like Behaviour and Emergence of the Universal Distribution from Resource-bounded Algorithmic Probability

Previously referred to as `miraculous' in the scientific literature because of its powerful properties and its wide application as optimal solution to the problem of induction/inference, (approximations to) Algorithmic Probability (AP) and the associated Universal Distribution are (or should be) of the greatest importance in science. Here we investigate the emergence, the rates of emergence and convergence, and the Coding-theorem like behaviour of AP in Turing-subuniversal models of computation. We investigate empirical distributions of computing models in the Chomsky hierarchy. We introduce measures of algorithmic probability and algorithmic complexity based upon resource-bounded computation, in contrast to previously thoroughly investigated distributions produced from the output distribution of Turing machines. This approach allows for numerical approximations to algorithmic (Kolmogorov-Chaitin) complexity-based estimations at each of the levels of a computational hierarchy. We demonstrate that all these estimations are correlated in rank and that they converge both in rank and values as a function of computational power, despite fundamental differences between computational models. In the context of natural processes that operate below the Turing universal level because of finite resources and physical degradation, the investigation of natural biases stemming from algorithmic rules may shed light on the distribution of outcomes. We show that up to 60\% of the simplicity/complexity bias in distributions produced even by the weakest of the computational models can be accounted for by Algorithmic Probability in its approximation to the Universal Distribution.Comment: 27 pages main text, 39 pages including supplement. Online complexity calculator: http://complexitycalculator.com

Análisis de la Constitucionalidad del artículo 488 del CST, que regula la prescripción de los derechos laborales, en vigencia de la relación laboral

One of the purposes of the Constitution and labor legislation, is to guarantee the effectiveness of labor rights as a result of an employment relationship, with the dominant power that can exercise the employer, among which are embodied minimum guarantees which are inalienable and that his condition does not allow the worker to discard them, or the employer not know them, it is this would be the ultimate expression of abuse of power exercised by the employer. The employment relationship, understood as the contractual relationship between employer and a part called a worker, and that is materialized by the existence of three major elements, such as the salary, subordination and staff providing the service, and execution guarantees the recognition of minimum guarantees (social benefits) for the worker, and that action Article 488 of the Labor Code are being canceled, either because they are not recognized and canceled by the employer or because action of that article are seeing annulled by the passage of time, making it look consistent with the law the arbitrary conduct of the employer, since the same rule allows the prescription of work rights is measured from the enforcement of rights labor, regardless of the worker is immersed in the employment relationship, this situation prevents operate in pursuit of effective enjoyment of their labor claims.Uno de los Propósitos del texto constitucional y la legislación laboral, es el garantizar la efectividad de los derechos laborales  como resultante de una relación laboral, ante el poder dominante que puede ejercer el empleador, entre los cuales se encuentran plasmadas unas garantías mínimas que son irrenunciables, y que por su condición no le permite al trabajador desprenderse de ellas, ni el patrono desconocerlas, pues es esto sería  la máxima expresión del abuso del poder que ejerce el patrono. La relación laboral, entendida esta como el vínculo contractual que existe entre una parte llamada patrono y una trabajadora, y que se encuentra materializada mediante la existencia de tres elementos importantes, como lo es el salario, subordinación y la prestación personal del servicio, y que su ejecución  garantiza el reconocimiento de unas garantías mínimas (prestaciones sociales) a favor del trabajador, y que por acción del artículo 488 del código sustantivo del trabajo están siendo anuladas, ya sea por no ser reconocidas y canceladas por parte del patrono o porque por acción del artículo citado se están viendo anuladas por el transcurso del tiempo, logrando que se vea ajustada a  derecho la conducta arbitraria del patrono, toda vez  que la misma norma permite que la prescripción de los derechos labores se cuenta a partir de la exigibilidad de los derechos laborales, sin tener en cuenta que el trabajador se encuentre inmerso en la relación laboral, situación que impide que este accione en procura del goce efectivo de sus acreencias laborales.&nbsp

Antiviral mode of action of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) is derived from immune leukocytes obtained from bovine spleen. DLE has demonstrated to reduce transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and inactivate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Therefore, we decided to clarify the mode of antiviral action of bDLE on the inhibition of HIV-1 infection through a panel of antiviral assays.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The cytotoxicity, HIV-1 inhibition activity, residual infectivity of bDLE in HIV-1, time of addition experiments, fusion inhibition of bDLE for fusogenic cells and the duration of cell protection even after the removal of bDLE were all assessed in order to discover more about the mode of the antiviral action.</p> <p>HIV-1 infectivity was inhibited by bDLE at doses that were not cytotoxic for HeLa-CD4-LTR-β-gal cells. Pretreatment of HIV-1 with bDLE did not decrease the infectivity of these viral particles. Cell-based fusion assays helped to determine if bDLE could inhibit fusion of Env cells against CD4 cells by membrane fusion and this cell-based fusion was inhibited only when CD4 cells were treated with bDLE. Infection was inhibited in 80% compared with the positive (without EDL) at all viral life cycle stages in the time of addition experiments when bDLE was added at different time points. Finally, a cell-protection assay against HIV-1 infection by bDLE was performed after treating host cells with bDLE for 30 minutes and then removing them from treatment. From 0 to 7 hours after the bDLE was completely removed from the extracellular compartment, HIV-1 was then added to the host cells. The bDLE was found to protect the cells from HIV-1 infection, an effect that was retained for several hours.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>bDLE acted as an antiviral compound and prevented host cell infection by HIV-1 at all viral life cycle stages. These cell protection effects lingered for hours after the bDLE was removed. Interestingly, bDLE inhibited fusion of fusogenic cells by acting only on CD4 cells. bDLE had no virucidal effect, but could retain its antiviral effect on target cells after it was removed from the extracellular compartment, protecting the cells from infection for hours.</p> <p>bDLE, which has no reported side effects or toxicity in clinical trials, should therefore be further studied to determine its potential use as a therapeutic agent in HIV-1 infection therapy, in combination with known antiretrovirals.</p

Genericity in the enumeration degrees

In this thesis we study the notion of enumeration 1-genericity, various basic properties of it and its relationship with 1-genericity. We also study the problem of avoiding uniformity in the �02 enumeration degrees. In Chapter 2 we give a brief background survey of the notion of genericity in the context of the Turing degrees as well as in the enumeration degrees. Chapter 3 presents a brief overview of the relationship between noncupping and genericity in the enumeration degrees. We give a result that will be useful in proving the existence of prime ideals of �02 enumeration degrees in Chapter 5, namely, we show the existence of a 1-generic enumeration degree 0e < a < 00 e which is noncuppable and low2. In Chapter 4 we investigate the property of incomparability relative to a class of degrees of a speci�c level of the Arithmetical Hierarchy. We show that for every uniform �02 class of enumeration degrees C, there exists a high �02 enumeration degree c which is incomparable with any degree b 2 C such that b =2 f0e; 00 e g. Chapter 5 is devoted to the introduction of the notions of \enumeration 1- genericity" and \symmetric enumeration 1-genericity". We study the distribution of the enumeration 1-generic degrees and show that it resembles to some extent the distribution of the class of 1-generic degrees. We also present an application of enumeration 1-genericity to show the existence of prime ideals of �02 enumeration degrees. We then look at the relationship between enumeration 1-genericity and highness. Finally, in Chapter 6 we present two di�erent approaches to the problem of separating the class of the enumeration 1-generic degrees from the class of 1-generic degrees. One of them is by showing the existence of a non trivial enumeration 1- generic set which is not 1-generic and the other is by proving that there exists a property that both classes do not share, namely, nonsplitting

Industrialization of the Process of Pulp and Corozo Palm Oil Extraction in the Veredas del Banco, Magdalena

El proyecto va orientado al aprovechamiento del Bactrisminor, comúnmente conocido como Corozo o Uvita de Lata, fruto que crece en Colombia de forma silvestre y espontanea en la costa atlántica. El corozo es un fruto rojo cuya pulpa es utilizada para la elaboración de refrescos, jugos, helados, gelatinas, mermeladas, vinos entre otros productos alimenticios. La semilla, que conforma un gran porcentaje del fruto, se puede obtener aceite, el cuál sirve como insumo para fabricación de cosméticos, medicinas naturales y hasta biodiesel. Además, el estipe o lata (la madera) es empleada en la construcción de viviendas, cercas y muebles. Sus hojas son utilizadas para techos de casas y cabañas. El desaprovechamiento de recursos naturales con alto potencial comercial, obliga a incentivar el desarrollo de proyectos emprendedores, que permitan aumentar su industrialización y generar valor agregado, específicamente en un área tan importante como lo es la producción de pulpa de fruta y aceites a base de fruto de palma, en este caso corozo o uvita de lata. La industrialización del proceso productivo para la extracción de pulpa y aceite de corozo en El Banco Magdalena, mediante el establecimiento de una planta productora, resulta ser la solución más adecuada para aumentar el aprovechamiento del Bactrisminor; ya que de acuerdo a los estudios realizados es rentable económicamente y sustentable ambientalmente, gracias a la valorización de un recurso natural necesario para la protección del medio ambiente, la disminución de los desechos; además de contribuir con la economía local y la generación de empleo en la región del sur del departamento del Magdalena, mejorando las condiciones de vida de sus habitantes.The project is oriented to the exploitation of Bactrisminor, known as Corozo or Uvita de Lata, which grows in Colombia wild and spontaneous on the Atlantic coast. The corozo is a red fruit that is used to make soft drinks, juices, ice creams, jellies, jams, wines and other foodstuffs. The seed, which makes up a large percentage of the fruit, can obtain oil, which serves as an input for the manufacture of cosmetics, natural medicines and even biodiesel. In addition, the stipe or can is in the construction of houses, fences and furniture. Its leaves are used for roofs of houses and cabins. The waste of natural resources with high commercial potential, forces to encourage the development of entrepreneurial projects, which allows to increase their industrialization and generate added value, specifically in an area as important as is the production of fruit and oils based on palm fruit , in this case corozo or uvita de lata. The industrialization of the production process for the extraction of corozo pulp and oil in El Banco Magdalena, through the establishment of a production plant, the result of the most adequate solution to increase the use of Bactrisminor; which is in accordance with the studies carried out is economically profitable and environmentally sustainable, thanks to the valorization of a natural resource necessary for the protection of the environment, the reduction of waste; in addition to contributing to the local economy and the generation of employment in the southern region of the department of Magdalena, improving the living conditions of its inhabitants

Análisis de la Constitucionalidad del artículo 488 del CST, que regula la prescripción de los derechos laborales, en vigencia de la relación laboral

One of the purposes of the Constitution and labor legislation, is to guarantee the effectiveness of labor rights as a result of an employment relationship, with the dominant power that can exercise the employer, among which are embodied minimum guarantees which are inalienable and that his condition does not allow the worker to discard them, or the employer not know them, it is this would be the ultimate expression of abuse of power exercised by the employer. The employment relationship, understood as the contractual relationship between employer and a part called a worker, and that is materialized by the existence of three major elements, such as the salary, subordination and staff providing the service, and execution guarantees the recognition of minimum guarantees (social benefits) for the worker, and that action Article 488 of the Labor Code are being canceled, either because they are not recognized and canceled by the employer or because action of that article are seeing annulled by the passage of time, making it look consistent with the law the arbitrary conduct of the employer, since the same rule allows the prescription of work rights is measured from the enforcement of rights labor, regardless of the worker is immersed in the employment relationship, this situation prevents operate in pursuit of effective enjoyment of their labor claims.Uno de los Propósitos del texto constitucional y la legislación laboral, es el garantizar la efectividad de los derechos laborales&nbsp; como resultante de una relación laboral, ante el poder dominante que puede ejercer el empleador, entre los cuales se encuentran plasmadas unas garantías mínimas que son irrenunciables, y que por su condición no le permite al trabajador desprenderse de ellas, ni el patrono desconocerlas, pues es esto sería&nbsp; la máxima expresión del abuso del poder que ejerce el patrono. La relación laboral, entendida esta como el vínculo contractual que existe entre una parte llamada patrono y una trabajadora, y que se encuentra materializada mediante la existencia de tres elementos importantes, como lo es el salario, subordinación y la prestación personal del servicio, y que su ejecución&nbsp; garantiza el reconocimiento de unas garantías mínimas (prestaciones sociales) a favor del trabajador, y que por acción del artículo 488 del código sustantivo del trabajo están siendo anuladas, ya sea por no ser reconocidas y canceladas por parte del patrono o porque por acción del artículo citado se están viendo anuladas por el transcurso del tiempo, logrando que se vea ajustada a&nbsp; derecho la conducta arbitraria del patrono, toda vez&nbsp; que la misma norma permite que la prescripción de los derechos labores se cuenta a partir de la exigibilidad de los derechos laborales, sin tener en cuenta que el trabajador se encuentre inmerso en la relación laboral, situación que impide que este accione en procura del goce efectivo de sus acreencias laborales.&nbsp

A note on the enumeration degrees of 1-generic sets

We show that every nonzero Delta(0)(2) enumeration degree bounds the enumeration degree of a 1-generic set. We also point out that the enumeration degrees of 1-generic sets, below the first jump, are not downwards closed, thus answering a question of Cooper