Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

CODE AVAILABILITY : Programming R code is openly available together with the database from Figshare.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 : Template for data collectionSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 2 : Data Descriptor WorksheetSpringtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.http://www.nature.com/sdatahj2024Plant Production and Soil ScienceSDG-15:Life on lan

Psyllaphorura silvestris Shveenkova & Babenko 2021, sp. nov.

Psyllaphorura silvestris sp. nov. Figs 1–10 Type material. Russia: holotype, male, European part, Middle Volga River Basin, Samara Region, “Samarskaya Luka” National Park, calcareous stone-pit near cave, Acer and Betula forest [N 53.4059°, E 50.0794°], soil, 02.05.2011, Yu. Shveenkova leg. Paratypes: 1 female and 4 males, same data as holotype; 1 juvenile, same biotope, but 13.06.2011; 2 males, 7 females and 1 juvenile, ibid., but 04.05.2019, Yu. Shveenkova leg. The types are kept in the collection of MSPU. Other material. 1 juvenile, European part of Russia, Penza Region, “Privolzhskaya Lesostep” State Nature Reserve, upper reaches of Sura River, floodplain Pinus forest [N 53.3169°, E 46.8866°], soil, 30.09.2014; 1 female and 2 juveniles, Penza Region, near Leonidovka settlement, nearby Lake “Mertvoe”, mixed forest, 21.07.2006; 2 juveniles, ibid., but Pinus forest. All Yu. Shveenkova leg.; 2 females and 4 juveniles, Penza Region, Zarechny town, Populus tremula and Betula forest, 01.05.2010, T. Gorbushina leg.; 1 male and 2 juveniles, European part of Russia, Kaluga Region, “Kaluzhskie Zaseki” State Nature Reserve, near Kireykovo settlement, broad-leaved forest, soil, 17.10.2005, A. Chernov leg.; 1 female, Republic of Bashkortostan, foothills of southern Urals, Burzyansky Region, “Shulgan-Tash” State Nature Reserve, “Shulgan-Tash” (“ Kapova ”) Cave, 17– 23.07.2008, S. Kapralov leg.; 2 females and 4 juveniles, Middle Urals, Sverdlovsk Region, low reaches of Serga River, left bank, “Olenyi Ruchyi” National Nature Park, “Bolshaya Arakaevskaya” Cave, moss, 08.08.2002, M. Potapov and A. Potapov leg.; 1 male and 5 females, Mordovian Republic, Temnikovsky Region, Mordovian State Nature Reserve, floodplain Quercus robur forest, 18.08.1983, N. Kuznetsova leg. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Psyllaphorura, which can be distinguished from the congeners due to the presence of 30/010/00123 dorsal pso (3+3 cephalic pso are located outside of antennal bases in the form of two half-arches along the axial line) and PAO with 16–22 simple vesicles. It is also characterized by: mid-sized cuticular granulation, relatively distinct dorsal sensilla, AO with 5 papillae and 4 guard setae, Ant. IV with an elongated subapical organite, labium of AC - type, only Th. II with lateral ms, furcal remnant of usual shape typical of genus with 3+3 setae, retinaculum with 1+1 teeth and a long unguiculus with a broad basal lamella. Description. Size 1.2–1.6 mm in females, 0.9–1.3 mm in males; holotype: 1.38 mm. Colour white. Habitus typical of the genus (Fig. 1), body ovoid, Abd. VI short with relatively small anal spines. Cuticular granulations not too coarse, with 9–11 cuticular granules around each pso on abdominal tip, and 11–13 granules between p1 setae on Abd. V. Dorsal pseudocelli as 30/010/00123, 3+3 cephalic pso located outside antennal bases in two semi-arcs along axial line (Fig. 1). Psx invisible. Antennae club-like, clearly shorter than head diagonal. Antennal base distinctly marked. Ant. IV with unusually long subapical organite (Fig. 2), 2–3 thickened blunt sensilla laterally and 5–6 similar sensilla on its inner side, basolateral microsensillum set in line with proximal whorl of setae. AIIIO consisting of 5 cuticular papillae, two sensory rods, two smooth sensory clubs, 4 guard setae, and lateral microsensillum (Fig. 2). Ant. I–II with 10 and 13– 14 setae respectively. PAO with 16–22 simple vesicles (Fig. 3). Labrum with 4/9 setae, maxillary outer lobe simple with two sublobal setae. Labium of AC type (sensillum on papilla A clearly thicker) with 7 long and 4 spiniform guards and 6 proximal setae (Fig. 4). Basomedian and basolateral fields of labium with 4 and 6 setae, respectively. Usually 5+5 postlabial setae present along ventral mid line (Fig. 5). Chaetotaxy plurichaetotic and usually not symmetrical, dorsal setae slightly differentiated: most setae blunt and rather thick (Figs. 1, 10), besides few pointed, thin and curved microsetae present on most terga, dorsal sensilla relatively distinct: 2(1)/021/222111, sensilla on Abd. VI located ventro-laterally on pleura (Figs. 1, 6). Seta d0 on head present or absent. Th. I with up to 12 setae on each side. Only Th. II with a lateral microsensillum. Upper subcoxae of legs 1–3 prominent, with 6(7)–7(6)–7(8) setae, respectively. Abd. IV with 1–3 unpaired or paired msetae, setae p0 present also on both Abd. IV and V. Axial seta a0 on Abd.VI slightly shorter than p1 and a2, seta a2 about twice as long as a1 (Fig. 1). Sterna of Th. I–III without setae along ventral line. Ventral chaetom on abdomen composed of pointed meso- and macrosetae (Figs. 5, 6). Furcal remnant as usual for genus: mucro absent, dens knob-like with 3+3 long setae, retinaculum present with 1+1 teeth (Fig. 7). Chaetotaxy of furcal field in adults highly variable and usually not symmetric: in largest specimens 3–4 irregular rows of manubrial setae present posteriorly to dental remnant. VT with 8–9 distal setae on each side and without proximal setae at base (Fig. 8). Tibiotarsi with complete distal whorl (7A + 4T), 7–7–6 setae in B-whorl, M seta present, C-whorl variable. Unguis toothless, unguiculus as long or slightly longer than inner edge of unguis, with wide basal lamella (Fig. 9). Upper anal valve with setae a0, 2a1, 2a2, 2b1, c0, 2c1, 2c2, each lateral valve with setae a0 and 2a1 (Fig. 6). AS short and conical, about as long as papillae. Etymology. The species is named after its ecological preferences, i.e. different types of forest habitats. Affinities. Psyllaphorura silvestris sp. nov. shares the presence of 3+3 anterior cephalic pso with only three known congeners (see Table 1), namely P. obesa, P. altaica and P. pseudopodis sp. nov., the latter species described below. Among them only in P. obesa the position of these pso is the same as in P. silvestris sp. nov., namely in the form of two separate half-arcs outside of the bases of the antennae along the midline of the head (OR-pattern, see below). Contrary, in both P. altaica and P. pseudopodis sp. nov. cephalic pso are located in a common axial group. There are also some additional similarities between P. silvestris sp. nov. and P. obesa, for instance, the presence of thoracic pso (absent in all other congeners) or rather long unguiculus with a distinct basal lamella. Despite all these similarities P. silvestris sp. nov. and P. obesa can be easily distinguished by pso formulas (30/010/00123 pso in the former vs 30/011(0)/00023 in the latter) and the shape of PAO vesicles (simple in P. silvestris sp. nov. vs compound in P. obesa). Psyllaphorura silvestris sp. nov. is characterized by two probably unique traits that are not mentioned for all other known congeners, namely the absence of lateral microsensillum on Th. III and an unusually long subapical organite on Ant. IV. Distribution. Apparently, the new species is widespread in the forest belt of the East-European part of Russia where it mainly inhabits riparian forests, as well as in the entrance of caves and their environs.Published as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2021, Two new species of the genus Psyllaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from the east of European Russia, pp. 114-128 in Zootaxa 4965 (1) on pages 115-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/472320

Three new Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) of the marcuzzii-group from the Caucasus

Shveenkova, Yulia B., Babenko, Anatoly B. (2022): Three new Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) of the marcuzzii-group from the Caucasus. Zootaxa 5116 (4): 579-590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.4.

Oligaphorura montivaga Shveenkova & Babenko 2022, sp. nov.

Oligaphorura montivaga sp. nov. Figs 3, 9 – 14; Table 1 Type material. Russia: holotype, male, Northern Caucasus, North Ossetia-Alania, Alagir District, North Ossetia State Nature Reserve, vicinity of Nar [42.6792°N, 44.0303°E], 1780 m alt., pine forest, soil and litter, 20.06.2016, N. Kuznetsova & A. Geraskina leg. Paratype: female, same data as holotype. The types are kept in the MSPU collection. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical. Dorsal sensilla on body well-marked. Anal spines absent. Pseudocellar formulae 43/144/44354 (dorsal), 11/000/1112 (ventral), 222 (subcoxal). Ventral psx hardly visible. AIIIO with 5 papillae. PAO slightly larger than nearest pso, with 3–4 lobes. Labium of ABD-type (papilla E entirely absent). Th. III without lateral ms. Abd. IV with unpaired seta p0. Tibiotarsal chaetotaxy complete: distal whorls (A+T) of each Ti with 11 setae. Furcal remnant of schoetti - type, with a small cuticular fold. Description. Size 0.61–0.65 mm, holotype 0.61 mm. Colour white in alcohol. Body cylindrical. Granulation regular, slightly coarser around dorsal pso (11–13 granules) (Fig. 9). Number of pso: 43/144/44354 (dorsal) and 11/000/1112 (ventral) (Figs 9–11). Ventral psx virtually invisible, only in few cases their asymmetric presence on Abd. II still being detected (Fig. 10). Each upper Sc of legs I–III with 2 pso. Antennae slightly shorter than head. Ant. IV with 3 poorly thickened S-setae, subapical organite present, microsensillum located in proximal row of setae (Fig. 13). AIIIO on Ant. III consisting of 5 papillae, 5 guard setae, 2 sensory rods, 2 granulated clubs (external one larger) and lateral ms. Ant. I–II with 9 and 14 setae, respectively. Antennal area not marked. PAO located laterally in a cuticular furrow, with 4(3) lobes, slightly larger than nearest pso. Maxilla unmodified. Maxillary palp simple with 1 basal seta and 2 sublobals. Labrum with 4/342 setae. Labium with 6 proximal, 4 basomedian and 5 basolateral setae, terminal sensilla of papillae A, B and D thickened, papilla C and its terminal sensillum clearly shorter, papilla E entirely absent (labium of ABD type) (Fig. 12). Ten guard setae present on labial palp, four of them spiniform as usual, six others also rather short. Their exact assignment problematic: four guards located on site of reduced papilla E, and other two—next to papillae B and D. Dorsal setae poorly differentiated into macro—and microsetae, symmetrical in general (Fig. 9). S-setae well marked and distributed as follows: 11/022/22211 (dorsally), 11/000/000101 (ventrally) and 0, 0, 1 on lower Sc of legs I–III. Head with an axial unpaired seta a0, but without a0’, d0 being absent as usual for the genus. Setae p1 on head at level with p2. Th. I with 5+5 dorsal setae. Lateral ms present only on Th. II and absent on Th. III. Terga of Th. II–Abd. III with 3–4 pairs of axial setae. Abd. IV with an unpaired seta p0. Setae a0 and a2 on Abd. VI almost equal in length, setae a1 half as long as a0. Thoracic sterna with 0-1-1 setae each side of ventral line. Ventral chaetotaxy as in Figs 10–11. Upper subcoxae of legs I–III with 4(3), 5(3), 5(3) setae, respectively. Tibiotarsal chaetotaxy complete with 20–21–19 setae, respectively: distal whorls (T+A) with 11 setae, 7 B-setae (B7 absent only on Ti III), one seta (or two on the second leg) of C-whorl and an unpaired seta M. Unguis with neither inner nor lateral teeth, unguiculus with a narrow basal lamella, about half as long as inner edge of unguis (Fig. 14). VT with 6+6 proximal and (1)2+2 setae at base. Furcal remnant of schoetti - type, cuticular fold small, sometimes indistinct (Figs 3, 10). Each lateral anal valve with a0 and 2a1 setae, unpaired valve with a0, 2b1, 2b2 and 7 setae in c-row (b0 and a1 absent). Anal spines absent. Etymology. The species is named after its habitat preferences, derived from montivagus (Lat.) [mons + vagor] meaning a mountain wanderer. Affinities. The main diagnostic features of all known representatives of the marcuzzii -group are shown in Table 1. According to these data, O. montivaga sp. nov. is most similar to O. kremenitsai and O. humicola, in which the labial palps are also of the ABD-type with short guards. Trio clearly differ in pso-formulae (43/144/ 44354 in O. montivaga sp. nov., vs 42/144/ 33354 in O. kremenitsai and 42/133/ 33354 in O. humicola), the types of the furcal area (the “schoetti”- type in O. montivaga sp. nov. compared to the humicola - type in both O. kremenitsai and O. humicola) and the number of tibiotarsal setae (11 distal setae in O. montivaga sp. nov., vs only 6 such setae in both O. kremenitsai and O. humicola). Differences of O. montivaga sp. nov. from O. tatianae sp. nov. and O. igori sp. nov. are to be found in the Affinities sections of the respective species descriptions, as well as in Table 1. It is noteworthy that O. montivaga sp. nov. is not the only species of the group inhabiting the area under study. A few specimens of another, still undescribed form characterized by the same type of the labium but a different pseudocellar formula and a different number of distal setae on the tibiotarsi, have been found in an adjacent territory (North Ossetia – Alania, North Ossetia Nature Reserve, Tsey River gorge, pine forest, litter [42.7972°N, 43.9243°E], ~ 1670 m alt., 20.06.2016, leg. N. Kuznetsova & A. Geraskina). Unfortunately, all of them are juveniles that cannot be described at the moment.Published as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2022, Three new Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) of the marcuzzii-group from the Caucasus, pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 5116 (4) on pages 581-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/637542

Oligaphorura igori Shveenkova & Babenko 2022, sp. nov.

Oligaphorura igori sp. nov. Figs 4, 17–18, 23–26; Table 1 Type material. Russia: holotype, male, Northwestern Caucasus, Krasnodar Krai, ~ 45 km E of Sochi, Krasnaya Polyana, upper station of Galaktika G 1 cable car, Laura River basin, [43.6952°N, 40.3585°E], fir-beech forest with maple, ~ 1600 m alt., litter, 20.06.2018, N. Kuznetsova & A. Saraeva leg. Paratypes: 4 female, 2 juvenile males, 1 juvenile, same data as holotype. The types are kept in the MSPU collection. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical. Dorsal sensilla on body well-marked. Anal spines absent. Pseudocellar formulae: 43/133/44354 (dorsal), 11/000/1112 (ventral), 222 (subcoxal). Ventral psx hardly visible. AIIIO with 5 papillae, PAO slightly larger than nearest pso, with 3–4 lobes. Labium of ABD-type (papilla C low with short terminal sensilla, E absent). Th. III without lateral ms. Distal whorls (A+T) of each tibiotarsus with 9 setae. Furcal remnant of schoetti - type, cuticular furrow quite distinct. Description. Size 0.56–0.64 mm, holotype 0.57 mm. Colour white in alcohol. Body cylindrical. Granulation regular, slightly coarser around dorsal pso (10–12 granules) (Fig. 23). Number of pso: 43/133/44354 (dorsal) and 11/000/1112 (ventral) (Figs 23–25). Ventral psx poorly expressed, almost invisible, 0/000/001(0)000 in number (Fig. 24). Each upper Sc of legs I–III with 2 pso. Antennae shorter than head. Ant. IV with 3 slightly thickened S-setae, subapical organite present, microsensillum located in proximal row of setae (Fig. 17). AIIIO on Ant. III consisting of 5 papillae, 5 guard setae, 2 sensory rods, 2 granulated clubs (external one larger) and lateral ms. Ant. I–II with 9 and 13 setae, respectively. Antennal area slightly marked. PAO located laterally in a cuticular furrow, with 4(3) lobes, slightly larger than nearest pso. Maxilla unmodified. Maxillary palp simple with 1 basal seta and 2 sublobals. Labrum with 4/342 setae. Labial palp with 6 proximal setae and 10 guards, four of guards spiniform as usual, six others longer but also rather short. Four of the latter guards located on site of reduced papilla E, and other two—next to papillae B and D. Basomedian and basolateral fields of labium with 4 and 5 setae, respectively. Terminal sensilla of papillae A, B and D thickened, papilla C lower with short terminal sensillum, papilla E absent (labium of ABD type) (Fig. 26). Dorsal setae poorly differentiated into macro—and microsetae, symmetrical in general (Fig. 23). S-setae well marked and distributed as follows: 11/022/22211 (dorsally), 0/000/00011 (ventrally) and 0, 0, 1 on lower Sc of legs I–III. Head with an axial unpaired seta a0, but without a0’, d0 absent as usual for the genus. Setae p1 on head at level with p2. Th. I with 5+5 dorsal setae. Lateral ms present only on Th. II and absent on Th. III. Terga of Th. II–Abd. III each with 3–4 pairs of axial setae. On Abd. VI, setae a0 and a2 approximately same in size, setae a1 half as long as a0. Thoracic sterna with 0-1-1 setae each side of ventral line. Ventral chaetotaxy as in Figs 24, 25. Upper subcoxae of legs I–III with 4, 3, 3 setae, respectively. Tibiotarsal chaetotaxy with 18–19–17 setae, respectively: distal whorl (T+A) with 9 setae (setae T2 and T3 absent), 7 B-setae (B7 absent only on Ti III), an unpaired seta M and one seta (or two setae on the second leg) of C-whorl. Unguis with neither inner nor lateral teeth, unguiculus narrow, with a narrow basal lamella, about 0.3–0.4 times as long as inner edge of unguis (Fig. 18). VT with 6+6 proximal setae and 2+2 setae at base. Furcal remnant of schoetti - type, cuticular furrow quite distinct (Figs 4, 24). Each lateral anal valve with a0 and 2a1 setae, unpaired valve with a0, 2b1, 2b2 and 7 setae in c-row (b0 and a1 absent). Anal spines absent. Etymology. The species honours Igor Kaprus’, our Ukrainian friend and colleague, in appreciation of his significant contributions to the taxonomy of Onychiurinae, as well as his extensive faunistic researches in the mountain regions of Ukraine and Russia. Affinities. Oligaphorura igori sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other known congeners of the marcuzzii -group characterized by the ABD-type of the labium and two pso on each upper subcoxae due to the presence of nine distal setae on each tibiotarsus, whereas O. montivaga sp. nov. and O. tatianae sp. nov. have 11 setae in that position, vs only 6 in O. kremenitsai and O. humicola (see Table 1). There are also some other sound differences: the types of the furcal area (the schoetti - type in O. igori sp. nov., O. montivaga sp. nov., O. tatianae sp. nov. vs the humicola - type in O. kremenitsai and O. humicola), pso-formulae (43/133/ 44354 in O. igori sp. nov., 43/133/44(5) 364 in O. tatianae sp. nov., 43/144/ 44354 in O. montivaga sp. nov., 42/144/ 33354 in O. kremenitsai and 42/133/ 33354 in O. humicola) and the rather short unguiculus in O. igori sp. nov. (about 0.3–0.4 times as long as inner edge of unguis). A single specimen of a very similar form has also been found in an adjacent area (Western Caucasus, Caucasus Nature Reserve, Republic of Adygea, Guzeripl cordon, [43.9945°N, 40.1421°E], fir-beech forest, 712 m alt., litter, 26.06.2017, N. Kuznetsova & A. Geraskina leg.). It shares the main diagnostic features (pseudocellar formulae, the types of the labium and the furcal remnant) with O. igori sp. nov., but it shows a different number of distal setae on the tibiotarsi. Unfortunately, we do not have enough material to describe it at present.Published as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2022, Three new Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) of the marcuzzii-group from the Caucasus, pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 5116 (4) on pages 586-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/637542

Oligaphorura tatianae Shveenkova & Babenko 2022, sp. nov.

Oligaphorura tatianae sp. nov. Figs 1–2, 15–16, 19–22; Table 1 Type material. Russia: holotype, male, North Caucasus, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Teberda State Nature Reserve, Goralykol River gorge [43.4514°N, 41.8236°E], pine forest with green mosses and Calamagrostis sp., ~ 1800 m alt., soil and litter, 15.06.2016, N. Kuznetsova & A. Geraskina leg. Paratypes: 2 males, 1 juvenile, same data as holotype; 1 female, same Nature Reserve, Teberda River valley, road to Baduk lakes [43.6425°N, 41.885°E], 1380 m alt., spruce forest, litter, 25.06.2015, N. Kuznetsova & A. Geraskina leg. The types are kept in the MSPU collection. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical. Dorsal sensilla on body well-marked. Anal spines absent. Number of pso: 43/133/44(5)364 (dorsal), 11/000/1112 (ventral), 222 (subcoxal). Ventral psx hardly visible. AIIIO with 5 papillae, PAO slightly larger than nearest pso, with 3–4 lobes. Labium of ABD-type (papillae C and E lower, each with a short terminal sensillum). Th. III without lateral ms. Abd. IV with an unpaired seta p0. Tibiotarsal chaetotaxy complete, distal whorls (A+T) of each Ti with 11 setae. Furcal remnant of schoetti - type, with a small cuticular fold. Description. Size 0.55–0.66 mm, holotype 0.63 mm. Colour white in alcohol. Body cylindrical. Granulation regular, slightly coarser around dorsal pso (10–12 granules) (Fig. 19). Number of pso: 43/133/44(5)364 (dorsal) and 11/000/1112 (ventral) (Figs 19–21). Ventral psx almost invisible, although in one specimen psx asymmetrically present on Abd. II (Fig. 20). Each upper Sc of legs I– III with 2 pso. Antennae slightly shorter than head. Ant. IV with 3 poorly thickened S-setae, subapical organite present, microsensillum located in proximal row of setae (Fig. 16). AIIIO on Ant. III consisting of 5 papillae, 5 guard setae, 2 sensory rods, 2 granulated clubs (external one larger) and lateral ms. Ant. I–II with 9 and 14 setae, respectively. Antennal area slightly marked. PAO located laterally in a cuticular furrow, with 4(3) lobes, slightly larger than nearest pso. Maxilla unmodified. Maxillary palp simple with 1 basal seta and 2 sublobals. Labrum with 4/342 setae. Labial palp with 11 (4 spiniform and 7 longer ones) guards and 5 proximal setae. The exact assignment of longer guards problematic: four of them located around papilla E and three others—next to papillae B and D. Basomedian and basolateral fields of labium with 4 and 5 setae, respectively. Terminal sensilla of papillae A, B and D thickened, papillae C and E lower, both with very short terminal sensilla (labium of ABD type) (Fig. 22). Dorsal setae poorly differentiated into macro—and microsetae, symmetrical in general (Fig. 19). S-setae well marked and distributed as follows: 11/022/22211 (dorsally), 11/000/000101 (ventrally) and 0, 0, 1 on lower Sc of legs I–III. Head with an axial unpaired seta a0 but without a0’, d0 absent as usual for the genus. Setae p1 on head at level with p2. Th. I with 5+5 dorsal setae. Lateral ms present only on Th. II and absent on Th. III. Terga of Th. II–Abd. III each with 3–4 pairs of axial setae. Abd. IV with an unpaired seta p0. On Abd. VI, setae a0 and a2 approximately same in size, setae a1 half as long as a0. Thoracic sterna with 0-1-1 setae each side of ventral line. Ventral chaetotaxy as in Figs 20–21. Upper subcoxae of legs I–III with 4, 5, 5 setae, respectively. Tibiotarsal chaetotaxy complete with 20–21–19 setae, respectively: distal whorls (T+A) with 11 setae, 7 B-setae (B7 absent only on Ti III), one seta (or two setae on the second leg) of C-whorl and an unpaired seta M. Unguis with neither inner nor lateral teeth, unguiculus narrow, with a narrow basal lamella, about half as long as inner edge of unguis (Fig. 15). VT with 6+6 proximal setae and 2+2 setae at base. Furcal remnant of schoetti - type, cuticular fold small, sometimes indistinct (Figs 1–2, 20). Each lateral anal valve with a0, 2a1 and 1&acy;2 setae, unpaired valve with a0, 2b1, 2b2 and 7 setae in c-row (b0 and a1 absent). Anal spines absent. Etymology. The species honours Tatiana Dobrolyubova who worked for a long time in the Teberda Nature Reserve, and whose ecological papers formed the basis for the study of Collembola in the North Caucasus. Affinities. Among the representatives of the marcuzzii -group, O. tatianae sp. nov. is obviously most similar to O. montivaga sp. nov., the latter from a more easterly part of the North Caucasus. Apart from more or less stable differences in the number of dorsal pso (43/133/44(5) 364 in O. tatianae sp. nov., vs 43/144/ 44354 in O. montivaga sp. nov.), these species clearly differ in the fine structure of the labium (papilla E present in O. tatianae sp. nov., vs absent from O. montivaga sp. nov.). The presence of papilla E on the labial palp in O. tatianae sp. nov. is a unique trait that makes the species distinguishable from all other known forms with the ABD-type of the labium, viz. O. montivaga sp. nov., O. kremenitsai, O. humicola and O. igori sp. nov. (see below). Other differences with the known congeners of the group are shown in Table 1.Published as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2022, Three new Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) of the marcuzzii-group from the Caucasus, pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 5116 (4) on pages 583-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/637542

Psyllaphorura pseudopodis Shveenkova & Babenko 2021, sp. nov.

Psyllaphorura pseudopodis sp. nov. Figs 11–19 Type material. Russia: holotype, female, European part, Middle Volga River Basin, Penza Region, “Privolzhskaya Lesostep” State Nature Reserve, middle reaches of Kadada River, near Shatkino settlement, Alnus glutinosa floodplain forest [N 52.9322°, E 46.3022°], soil, 15.09.2017, Yu. Shveenkova leg. Paratypes: 4 males and 5 females, same data as holotype; 1 male, ibid., but 10.10.19; 1 female, ibid., but 18.09.20, Yu. Shveenkova leg. The types are kept in the collection of MSPU. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Psyllaphorura, which can be distinguished from the congeners due to the presence of 30/000/00003 dorsal pso (3+3 cephalic pso are located as a common axial group on the median part of the head), only 2+2 dental setae and a pair of ventral swellings on Abd. IV. It is also characterized by coarse dorsal granulation, rather distinct dorsal sensilla, AO with 5 papillae and 4 guard setae, PAO with 12–15 simple vesicles, labium of AC - type, the presence of lateral ms on both Th. II–III, rather short unguiculus and the absence of retinaculum. Description. Size: 1.0– 1.2 mm in females, 0.87–0.97 mm in males, holotype: 1.06 mm. Colour white. Habitus typical of the genus (Fig. 11), body ovoid with a short Abd. VI armed by small anal spines. Cuticular granulation very coarse, especially in middle parts of terga, with 8–9 cuticular granules around each abdominal pso and only 5–6 granules between p1 setae on Abd. V. Dorsal pseudocelli as 30/000/00003, 3+3 cephalic pseudocelli located on head front in the form of a single “Vshaped” complex (Fig. 11). Psx invisible. Antennae club-like, distinctly shorter than head diagonal. Small area of antennal bases clearly marked with finer granulation. Ant. IV with small, peg-like subapical organite, 3 curved blunt sensilla laterally and up to 8 sensilla on its inner side, basolateral microsensillum present in line with proximal whorl of setae (Fig. 13). AIIIO typical, with 5 cuticular papillae, 4 guard setae, two sensory rods, two smooth sensory clubs and lateral microsensillum (Fig. 13). Ant. I–II with 10 and 13–14 setae, respectively. PAO with 12–15 simple vesicles. Labrum with 4/9 setae (Fig. 17), maxillary outer lobe simple with two sublobal setae. Labium of AC type (sensillum on papilla A clearly thicker) with 7 long and 4 spiniform guards and 6 proximal setae (Fig. 16). Basomedian and basolateral fields of labium with 4 and 6 setae, respectively. Usually 4+4 postlabial setae present along ventral midline (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy plurichaetotic and usually not symmetrical, dorsal setae weakly differentiated (Fig. 11). Most dorsal sensilla relatively distinct, but masked by coarse granulations, 2/021/221121(0) in number, sensilla on Abd. VI, if present, located ventro-laterally on pleura. The presence/absence of dorsal seta d0 on head often obscure due to chaetotic asymmetry. Th. I with up to 17 setae on each side set in two irregular rows. Both Th. II and Th. III with lateral microsensillum. Upper subcoxae prominent on all legs with up to 10 setae. Chaetotaxy of Abd. IV very plurichaetotic, axial m-setae present or absent. Abd. V with seta p0. Axial seta a0 on Abd. VI about as long as p1 and a2 setae, seta a1 shorter than a2 (~0.7: 1). Sterna of Th. I–III without setae along ventral line. Ventral chaetom on abdomen composed of pointed meso- and macrosetae (Fig. 14). Furcal remnant without mucro, dens knob-like with 2+2 long setae, retinaculum absent. Chaetotaxy of furcal field in adults highly variable and usually not symmetric: in largest specimens 2–3 irregular rows of manubrial setae present posterior to dental remnant. VT with 7(8) distal setae on each side and without proximal setae at base. Sternum of Abd. IV on each side of furcal remnant with two specific protuberances covered with modified (long and thin) cuticular granules (Figs. 14, 18, 19). Tibiotarsi with a complete distal whorl (7A+4T), 7–7–6 setae in B - whorl, M seta present, C-whorl variable. Unguis toothless, unguiculus about as long as half of inner edge of unguis (Fig. 15). Upper anal valve with setae a0, 2a1, 2a2, 2b1, c0, 2c1, 2c2, each of lateral valve with setae a0 and 2a1 (Fig. 14). AS short and conical, about as long as papillae. Etymology. The species name is derived from the unique ventral swellings located on the fourth abdominal segment, which is somewhat reminiscent of pseudopodia. Affinities. In having 3+3 cephalic pso arranged in a single group on the median part of the head, Psyllaphorura pseudopodis sp. nov. is the most similar to P. altaica, which has recently been described from southern Siberia. P. pseudopodis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the latter species by the absence of pso on Abd. IV (P. altaica has 00013 abdominal pso), only 2+2 dental setae (vs 3+3 setae in P. altaica) and a shorter unguiculus (~ 0.5–0.6 UIII vs 0.8 UIII in P. altaica). The only other congener with not 3+3, but 2+2 setae on the furcal knobs as in P. pseudopodis sp. nov., is P. bashkirica (Khanislamova, 1986), described from a more easterly region (at a distance of ~ 700 km). Although the description of the latter species does not fully correspond to modern standards and clearly requires verification, its conspecificity with the new species is unlikely. These species clearly differ by the number of dorsal pso (5/000/00023 in P. bashkirica vs 3/000/00003 pso in the new species), structure of PAO (15–17 divided vesicles in P. bashkirica vs 12–15 simple vesicles in P. pseudopodis sp. nov.), the number of dorsal sensilla (?/?11/11112?, sensilla on Th. III in medial position in P. bashkirica vs 2/021/221120(1), sensilla on Th. III in lateral position in the new species) and guard setae in AIIIO (5 setae in P. bashkirica vs 4 setae in P. pseudopodis sp. nov.). P. pseudopodis sp. nov. is also characterized by one unique feature, namely the development of a pair of ventral swellings on the fourth abdominal segment, which seem to have never been observed in any other species of Collembola. These swellings are covered with modified cuticular granules, representing a structure of unknown origin with a duct system or a hole inside visible under them. Distribution and ecology. The species has only been registered at the type locality.Published as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2021, Two new species of the genus Psyllaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from the east of European Russia, pp. 114-128 in Zootaxa 4965 (1) on pages 117-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/472320

Psyllaphorura undefined-1 Bagnall 1948

Key to the Psyllaphorura species 1 Furcal knobs with 2+2 setae............................................................................. 2 - Furcal knobs with 3+3 setae............................................................................ 3 2 AIIIO with 5 guard setae; PAO vesicles divided; Abd. IV without ventral swellings; 5+5 cephalic pso........ P. bashkirica (Khanislamova, 1986); Russia, southern Urals - AIIIO with 4 guard setae; PAO vesicles simple; Abd. IV with ventral swellings; 3+3 cephalic pso in &Mcy;N position........ P. pseudopodis sp. nov. ; Russia, European part 3 Head with 3+3 pso.................................................................................... 4 - Head with 2+2 pso.................................................................................... 6 4 Cephalic pso in OR position............................................................................ 5 - Cephalic pso in MN position.................... P. altaica Weiner, Stebaeva & Kaprus’, 2019; Russia, southern Siberia 5 PAO vesicles compound; Abd. III without pso....... P. obesa (Mills, 1934); United States, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Missouri - PAO vesicles simple or bilobed; lateral pso present on Abd. III............... P. silvestris sp. nov. ; Russia, European part 6 Cephalic pso in MN position..................................... P. ryozoyoshii Weiner & Najt, 2000; North Korea - Position of cephalic pso different........................................................................ 7 7 Cephalic pso in BA position............................................................................ 8 - Cephalic pso in OR position............................................................................ 9 8 VT with 8(9)+8(9) setae; 2+2 pso on Abd. IV................... P. olga Babenko & Fjellberg, 2016; Russia, North-East - VT with 7+7 setae; 1+1 pso on Abd. IV..................... P. martynovae (Stebaeva, 1985); Russia, southern Siberia 9 Unguiculus about as long as unguis..................................................................... 10 - Unguiculus shorter than unguis......................................................................... 11 10 Unguis without inner or lateral teeth.............. P. sensillifera (Martynova, 1981); Russia, Far East; northeastern China - Unguis with clear lateral teeth......................................... P. jirisana Lee & Park, 2021; South Korea 11 PAO with 15–18 vesicles; dorsal sensory setae invisible............................... P. uenoi (Yosii, 1954); Japan - PAO with 20–25 vesicles; dorsal sensory setae distinct...................................................... 12 12 VT with 5+5 setae; unguiculus as long as 0.8–0.9 of unguis............ P. jiangsuensis Yan, Huang & Chen, 2007; China - VT with 7+7 setae; unguiculus as long as 0.5–0.6 of unguis........................... P. okafujii (Yosii, 1967); JapanPublished as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2021, Two new species of the genus Psyllaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from the east of European Russia, pp. 114-128 in Zootaxa 4965 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/472320