Wall fluxes of reactive oxygen species of an rf atmospheric-pressure plasma and their dependence on sheath dynamics

This article was published in the serial, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics [© IOP Publishing Ltd]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/30/305205A radio-frequency (rf) atmospheric-pressure discharge in He–O2 mixture is studied using a fluid model for its wall fluxes and their dependence on electron and chemical kinetics in the sheath region. It is shown that ground-state O, O+2 and O− are the dominant wall fluxes of neutral species, cations and anions, respectively. Detailed analysis of particle transport shows that wall fluxes are supplied from a boundary layer of 3–300μm immediately next to an electrode, a fraction of the thickness of the sheath region. The width of the boundary layer mirrors the effective excursion distance during lifetime of plasma species, and is a result of much reduced length scale of particle transport at elevated gas pressures. As a result, plasma species supplying their wall fluxes are produced locally within the boundary layer and the chemical composition of the overall wall flux depends critically on spatio-temporal characteristics of electron temperature and density within the sheath. Wall fluxes of cations and ions are found to consist of a train of nanosecond pulses, whereas wall fluxes of neutral species are largely time-invariant

Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap

Plasma–liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on non-equilibrium plasmas

Возможности фармакологического лечения остеоартрита: фокус на симптоматические медленно действующие препараты (SYSADOA) и индивидуальные особенности пациента. Резолюция международного совещания экспертов

The paper presents the results of the Osteoarthritis (OA) Expert Council held on September 8, 2019, which was attended by Russian and foreign specialists. The experts considered pharmacological treatment options for OA. The expert meeting resolution states that the treatment of patients with OA should be based on an individual assessment of the patient and on a modern evidence base of therapy efficacy.Treatment of patients with OA is based on the principles of evidence-based medicine that requires an integrated approach and the need of SYSADOAs prescription. Combined drugs with therapeutic dosages of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in the early stages of the disease are available as basic agents. The place of paracetamol in the anesthetic therapy algorithm in OA needs to be clarified. It is also noted that when choosing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for OA treatment, it is important to take into account individual patient characteristics and the presence of comorbidities.Представлены результаты Экспертного совета по остеоартриту (ОА), проходившего 8 сентября 2019 г., в котором приняли участие российские и зарубежные специалисты. Рассматривались возможности фармакологического лечения ОА. В резолюции совещания указано, что лечение больных ОА должно быть основано на индивидуальной оценке состояния пациента и современных доказательствах эффективности терапии. Лечение больных ОА на основании принципов доказательной медицины предполагает комплексный подход и назначение SYSADOA. Комбинированные препараты с терапевтическими дозами хондроитина сульфата и глюкозамина уже на ранних стадиях заболевания рассматриваются в качестве базисных средств. Место парацетамола в алгоритме обезболивающей терапии при ОА требует уточнения. Отмечено также, что при выборе нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов для лечения ОА важно учитывать индивидуальные особенности пациента и наличие коморбидных состояний

A new class of glycomimetic drugs to prevent free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction

Background: Carbohydrates play a major role in cell signaling in many biological processes. We have developed a set of glycomimetic drugs that mimic the structure of carbohydrates and represent a novel source of therapeutics for endothelial dysfunction, a key initiating factor in cardiovascular complications. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the protective effects of small molecule glycomimetics against free fatty acid­induced endothelial dysfunction, focusing on nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress pathways. Methods: Four glycomimetics were synthesized by the stepwise transformation of 2,5­dihydroxybenzoic acid to a range of 2,5­substituted benzoic acid derivatives, incorporating the key sulfate groups to mimic the interactions of heparan sulfate. Endothelial function was assessed using acetylcholine­induced, endotheliumdependent relaxation in mouse thoracic aortic rings using wire myography. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior was evaluated in the presence or absence of the free fatty acid, palmitate, with or without glycomimetics (1µM). DAF­2 and H2DCF­DA assays were used to determine nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively. Lipid peroxidation colorimetric and antioxidant enzyme activity assays were also carried out. RT­PCR and western blotting were utilized to measure Akt, eNOS, Nrf­2, NQO­1 and HO­1 expression. Results: Ex vivo endothelium­dependent relaxation was significantly improved by the glycomimetics under palmitate­induced oxidative stress. In vitro studies showed that the glycomimetics protected HUVECs against the palmitate­induced oxidative stress and enhanced NO production. We demonstrate that the protective effects of pre­incubation with glycomimetics occurred via upregulation of Akt/eNOS signaling, activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, and suppression of ROS­induced lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: We have developed a novel set of small molecule glycomimetics that protect against free fatty acidinduced endothelial dysfunction and thus, represent a new category of therapeutic drugs to target endothelial damage, the first line of defense against cardiovascular disease

PASTURABLE ECOSYSTEMS RESTIRATION, SUBJECT TO ANTHROPOGENOUS PRESSURE

Consecutive stages of soil formation at restoration of the degraded areas are shown. The general regularities and renewal conditions of a soil cover and pasturable vegetation during functional restoration i.e. the grounds, broken in result of technogenic and agrarian influence are revealed

The Adaptive potential pasture phytocenosis to sole ambience and influence them on speaker of the fertility light-chestnut ground in condition of the natural moistening

Estimation of the adaptive potential natural phytocenosis is given to soil salinization ground under natural moistening. The Studied general regularities of the operation to pasture vegetation and condition of the renewing the vegetable cover on techno-broken ground (the lands). The analysed role prevail plants in conservation balances conditions pasture

NFLUENCE OF SALTED ENVIRONMENT ON FODDER HERBS EFFICIENCY OF PASTURABLE PHYTOCOENOSES OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CASPIAN LOWLAND

Abstract. The changes in the intensity of biological processes in the vegetation and productivity of forage grasses depending on the degree of soil salinity of the North-West Caspian Lowland were studied. Salination factors are specific. They are formed because of their adaptive nature, providing for species the opportunity to get the certain position in the relevant biocenosis. As a result each species produces its own strategy of life. Development of saline processes of soil in the growth and development of the plant mass, biological and agronomic salt resistance is clearly seen. Biological salt resistance is characterized by the ability to maintain the viability of the plant body at the upper limit of salinity. Agronomical salt resistance is determined by the value of crop and productivity. Adaptive possibilities of different plant species with different biological characteristics were also examined.Subject, objective of the work. Productivity of vegetation of semidesert ecosystems and dynamics under the influence of salinity forage grass pasture phytocenoses of the North-West Caspian Lowland were studied.Test method. We studied fodder crops: wheat grass long (Elytrigia elongata), ctenoid wheatgrass (Agropirum cristatum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The crop from each significant area was weighed; it was taken from the average sample weighed in at 1 kg in a gauze bag for drying at a temperature of 60–65 °C in airing cupboard where brought to constant weight. Accounting for phytomass was carried by laying mowing area 8–10 times. Dimensions of mowing fields are 0.25 m2, that ensured coverage of all dominant plants.Results. At mid-saline meadow-chestnut soil of the North-West Caspian Lowland wheatgrass long gives the highest yield of green mass – 18,1 tons per hectare of dry weight average for 2003–2010. Alfalfa crop is in the second place, that is less than bluegrass by 18.0 % (2.9 tons per hectare). The least yield of these crops is ctenoid wheatgrass, which is less than other grasses by 4.8 tons per hectare (26.1 %) and 1.7 tons per hectare (11.3 %). Therefore, wheatgrass long is hardier to mid-saline soil than other species. High yield of alfalfa depends on frequent mowing of this grass. In the sowing year there were three hay crops, the second and subsequent years - 4 mowing. The share of the first mowing in the sowing year alfalfa has 33.0 %, the second 42.3 %, the third 24.7 %. In the second and subsequent years the share of the first mowing in the total yield of green mass increases up to 28,3–28,8, the third to 19,0–20,6, the fourth to 8,8–10,7 %.Area of application. The research results can be used by the economic organizations and enterprises for the phytomelioration of saline soils. The obtained data can be used to enhance and achieve high productivity of forage grasses and to restore the productivity of saline lands and use them for agricultural purposes.Conclusions. Adaptability to the saline soil and the productivity of forage grasses differ according to biological characteristics and extent soil salinity and ecological conditions

DYNAMICS OF RESTORATION OF VEGETATION COVER AND CRITERIA OF THE ACCOUNT OF THE TEREK-KUMA SEMIDESERT AREAS TECHNOGENIC-BROKEN SOILS

Scales and forms of technogenic infringements of a soil and vegetative cover are revealed. The methods, directed on restoration of pasturable potential are developed on the basis of experimental researches and the scientifically-proved actions. Sizes of the pasturable loadings, which are not overwhelming functions of natural processes, promoting restoration of a vegetative cover on the destroyed grounds are established

Coevolution of honey bee and flower ing plants

High adaptive ability of honey bee allow them notoney to settle versions ecological niches but to in flucuce favorably on their stability and productivity as a result of mutual coadaption honey bee and flowering plants

The using of methods of phytoamelioration on the degraded pastures of Tersko-Kumskaya lowland

For restoration of a projective covering of the degraded areas and of the centers of moving sand stop we used a method of phytoamelioration. For experiment the steadiest and valuable cultures on fodder qualities Kochia prostrate and Agropyron pectinatum have been picked up