EVALUACIÓN DE MEZCLAS PARA SUSTRATO Y PRODUCCIÓN DE Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm

The pulp of Agave salmiana ssp. crassispina and Agave angustifolia ssp. tequilana var. azul, byproduct of the mezcal industry, was evaluated in different treatments with wheat bran, pine shavings, walnut shavings, cedar shavings and oats straw, used as substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, determining what mixture is the most adequate to cultivate the mushroom. A bromatological analysis was performed for each treatment at the beginning of the cultivation, determining the variables of moisture, ash, raw fiber, raw protein, lipids, total reducing sugars, as well as quantifying the biological efficiency of P. ostreatus. It was analyzed statistically through the HSD Tukey test, finding that the mixture of pulp of A. angustifolia ssp. tequilana var. azul mixed with 30 % of walnut shavings and 5% of wheat bran obtained a biological efficiency of 33.24 %.Se evaluó el bagazo de Agave salmiana ssp. crassispina y Agave angustifolia ssp. tequilana var. azul, subproducto de la industria del mezcal, en diferentes tratamientos con salvado de trigo, viruta de pino, viruta de nogal, viruta de cedro y paja de avena, usado como sustrato para el cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus; determinando cual mezcla es la más adecuadas para el cultivo del hongo. Se realizó análisis bromatológico a cada tratamiento al inicio del cultivo, determinando las variables de humedad, cenizas, fibra cruda, proteína cruda, lípidos, azúcares reductores totales; así como cuantificación de la eficiencia biológica de P. ostreatus. Se analizó estadísticamente mediante la prueba HSD de Tukey, registrando que la mezcla bagazo de A. angustifolia ssp. tequilana var. azul mezclado con 30% de viruta de nogal y 5% de salvado de trigo, obtuvo la eficiencia biológica de 33.24%

Application of the Verlet method for the simulation of a gravitational system of n bodies

En este trabajo se plantea una solución numérica (simulación por software) del “problema de n cuerpos” que interactúan gravitacionalmente basada en la formulación de Verlet. Adicionalmente se diseña un programa que gráficamente muestra los resultados de esta solución numérica, que detalla las diferentes trayectorias, para diferentes condiciones de masa, velocidad y distancia entre los n objetos que interactúan. La interacción del usuario con la interfaz gráfica, se realiza partícula a partículaIn this paper we propose a numerical solution (software simulation) of the "problem of n bodies" that interact gravitationally based on the formulation of Verlet. Additionally a program is designed that graphically shows the results of this numerical solution, which details the different trajectories, for different conditions of mass, speed and distance between the n objects that interact. The interaction of the user with the graphical interface, is performed particle by particle.Peer Reviewe

Bioaugmented constructed wetlands for denitrification of saline wastewater: a boost for both microorganisms and plants

The inhibition of salt stress on plant and microbial functions has led to the reduction of nitrogen removal capacity of constructed wetlands (CWs) under saline conditions. The mechanisms and effectiveness of bioaugmented CW (Bio-CW) microcosms with a salt-tolerant microbial inoculum were evaluated for nitrogen removal at different salinity levels. The results showed that the denitrification capacity of CWs was improved under saline conditions by adding the salt-tolerant microbial inoculum. At an EC of 15 mS/cm, the removal percentages of ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) and total nitrogen (TN) in Bio-CW microcosms (95.7% and 99.4%) on Day 5 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in unbioaugmented CW (un-Bio-CW) microcosms (68.5% and 76.4%), respectively. The high throughput sequencing data of substrate samples indicated that the microbial community in the CWs was changed by the addition of the salt-tolerant microbial inoculum and the frequency of bacteria with nitrogen removal function was increased in the CWs. Furthermore, both growth and the TN accumulation capacity of plants in Bio-CW microcosms were promoted compared with the un-Bio-CW microcosms. In conclusion, the addition of the salt-tolerant microbial inoculum can enhance the nitrogen removal efficiency of CWs under saline condition via boosting the function of both microorganisms and plants. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

The oenological interest of fumaric acid: Stop malolactic fermentation and preserve the freshness of wines

ABSTRACT One of the problems related to the increase in average temperatures in the wine-growing regions is the lower accumulation of organic acids in the berries. Wine freshness depends to a great extent on its acidity. Herein, the effectiveness of fumaric acid to inhibit malolactic fermentation or to stop it once initiated is evaluated in order to preserve the malic acid content. Different doses of fumaric acid and SO2 were tested. The ability of these compounds to inhibit bacterial development and stop the malic acid degradation was testedonaredwineofthevarietyVitisviniferaL.cv.Tempranillowhosemalicacidcontentwassetat1.5g/L. The control wine inoculated with 6 log CFU/mL of Oenococcus oeni finished the malolactic fermentation in 12 days. However, the use of doses equal to or greater than 300mg/L of fumaric acid delayed the onset of malolactic fermentation for more than 50 days with little degradation of malic acid. In addition, fumaric acid proved to be effective in stopping malolactic fermentation already started where the bacterial count was 7 log CFU/mL. Fumaric acid can be considered as a potent inhibitor of malolactic fermentation

Uniqueness and Nondegeneracy of Ground States for (−Δ)sQ+Q−Qα+1=0(-\Delta)^s Q + Q - Q^{\alpha+1} = 0 in R\mathbb{R}

We prove uniqueness of ground state solutions $Q = Q(|x|) \geq 0$ for the nonlinear equation $(-\Delta)^s Q + Q - Q^{\alpha+1}= 0$ in $\mathbb{R}$, where $0 < s < 1$ and $0 < \alpha < \frac{4s}{1-2s}$ for $s < 1/2$ and $0 < \alpha < \infty$ for $s \geq 1/2$. Here $(-\Delta)^s$ denotes the fractional Laplacian in one dimension. In particular, we generalize (by completely different techniques) the specific uniqueness result obtained by Amick and Toland for $s=1/2$ and $\alpha=1$ in [Acta Math., \textbf{167} (1991), 107--126]. As a technical key result in this paper, we show that the associated linearized operator $L_+ = (-\Delta)^s + 1 - (\alpha+1) Q^\alpha$ is nondegenerate; i.\,e., its kernel satisfies $\mathrm{ker}\, L_+ = \mathrm{span}\, \{Q'\}$. This result about $L_+$ proves a spectral assumption, which plays a central role for the stability of solitary waves and blowup analysis for nonlinear dispersive PDEs with fractional Laplacians, such as the generalized Benjamin-Ono (BO) and Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) water wave equations.Comment: 45 page

Formylation as a Chemical Tool to Modulate the Performance of Photosensitizers Based on Boron Dipyrromethene Dimers

Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are envisioned as the next generation of photoactive molecules for photo-theragnosis. In this approach, and after suitable irradiation, a single molecular scaffold is able to visualize and kill tumour cells by fluorescence signalling and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively, with minimal side effects. In this regard, BODIPY-based orthogonal dimers have irrupted as suitable candidates for this aim. Herein, we analyse the photophysical properties of a set of formyl-functionalized BODIPY dimers to ascertain their suitability as fluorescent photosensitizers. The conducted computationally aided spectroscopic study determined that the fluorescence/singlet oxygen generation dual performance of these valuable BODIPY dimers not only depends on the BODIPY-BODIPY linkage and the steric hindrance around it, but also can be modulated by proper formyl functionalization at specific chromophoric positions. Thus, we propose regioselective formylation as an effective tool to modulate such a delicate photonic balance in BODIPY-based dimeric photosensitizers. The taming of the excited-state dynamics, in particular intramolecular charge transfer as the key underlying process mediating fluorescence deactivation vs. intersystem crossing increasing, could serve to increase fluorescence for brighter bioimaging, enhance the generation of singlet oxygen for killing activity, or balance both for photo-theragnosis.This research received financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN)/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) Grants: PID2020-114755GB-C32 and -C33 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Gobierno Vasco (IT1639-22) is also grateful for the financial support

Impacto del estrés oxidativo sobre las lesiones cutáneas causadas por radiaciones ionizantes

RESUMEN Los efectos inducidos por exposición de manera accidental o terapéutica a dosis de radiaciones ionizantes inducen varios eventos celulares que afectan el proceso de cicatrización de la piel, y tiene gran impacto en la prognosis y supervivencia de individuos afectados. La información existente sobre los efectos nocivos por altas exposiciones a radiaciones proviene a partir de los accidentes ocurridos por las bombas atómicas en Hiroshima y Nagasaki produciendo problemas de salud por leucemias y linfomas en los sobrevivientes. El síndrome de radiación aguda (SRA) generalmente inicia durante las dos horas inmediatas posteriores a la exposición, y la severidad de las lesiones depende de la dosis y del tiempo de exposición. El desarrollo de las lesiones por el daño como efectos tardíos a exposiciones por radiaciones es más complejo y determina no únicamente el daño al parénquima celular sino también se presentan daños en el tejido vascular y en otros tejidos de soporte. Al menos parcialmente estos eventos se presentan a consecuencia del estrés oxidativo generado por el excesivo incremento de especies reactivas del oxígeno (EROs). Se han estado estudiando componentes comerciales como blancos potenciales para la prevención de los daños causados por radiaciones en piel que tienen una amplia actividad contra múltiples citocinas involucradas en los procesos de la lesión cutánea y por otro lado se están estudiando fármacos que reaccionan con los radicales libres o indirectamente inhiben la expresión de las enzimas que generan la producción de EROs o bien aumentan la expresión de enzimas antioxidantes intracelulares