Entourages et cabinets ministériels de la Révolution à la Monarchie de Juillet (1791-1848)

Ce texte, sur le fondement de multiples sources jusqu’ici inexploitées, dévoile pour la première fois la physionomie des entourages et des cabinets ministériels en France depuis le début la Révolution française jusqu’à la fin de la monarchie de Juillet. Durant cette période, l’entourage d’un ministre se compose pour l’essentiel du secrétaire général du ministère et, déjà, d’un cabinet ministériel. Contrairement à une légende tenace, les cabinets ministériels ne sont pas nés sous la Restauration dans le cadre de l’émergence du régime parlementaire : ils apparaissent dès 1795, sous le Directoire, puis se développent sous le Consulat, l’Empire et la Restauration, pour se généraliser enfin sous la monarchie de Juillet. Les cabinets ministériels sont, à l’origine, des structures très réduites, qui s’élargissent progressivement, à partir de Louis-Philippe, sous la houlette d’un chef de cabinet. C’est encore sous la monarchie de Juillet que de jeunes membres du Conseil d’État commencent à inféoder les entourages ministériels

Les entourages et cabinets ministériels de la Révolution à la Monarchie de Juillet (1791-1848)

Pas une ligne de la Constitution française ne les mentionne et pourtant les « collaborateurs de l\u27ombre » — de moins en moins discrets — qui entourent nos dirigeants politiques n\u27ont cessé de prospérer au fil des régimes, au point que notre Ve République hyper-présidentielle est devenue une République de conseillers. Rien ne s\u27accomplit sans ou contre eux. Quel paradoxe qu\u27aucun ouvrage savant ne leur ait été consacré depuis plus de trente ans ! Loin des polémiques et des caricatures, ce livre répare l\u27oubli. Il réunit une équipe d\u27historiens, politistes, juristes, sociologues et anthropologues, dont maints spécialistes étrangers, ainsi que d\u27anciens membres de cabinets. Des « créatures » du roi, comme les désignait le Grand Siècle, aux dir\u27 cab\u27 et jeunes entourages des présidents Sarkozy et Hollande, en passant par la « cabinetocratie » bruxelloise et les conseillers de la Maison-Blanche, il montre la généralisation du phénomène à tous les échelons du pouvoir dans les démocraties contemporaine

Excitonic Bound State in the Extended Anderson Model with c-f Coulomb Interaction

The Anderson model with the Coulomb interaction between the local and conduction electrons is studied in the semiconducting phase. Based on a perturbation theory from the atomic limit, leading contributions for the c-f Coulomb interaction are incorporated as a vertex correction to hybridization. An analytical solution shows that the effective attraction in the intermediate states leads to a bound state localized at the local electron site. Self-consistent equations are constructed as an extension of the non-crossing approximation (NCA) to include the vertex part yielding the bound state. A numerical calculation demonstrates the excitonic bound state inside the semiconducting gap for single-particle excitations, and a discontinuity at the gap edge for magnetic excitations.Comment: 15 pages, 20 figures, submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

A quantitative approach towards a better understanding of the dynamics of Salmonella spp. in a pork slaughter-line.

Pork contributes significantly to the public health disease burden caused by Salmonella infections. During the slaughter process pig carcasses can become contaminated with Salmonella. Contamination at the slaughter-line is initiated by pigs carrying Salmonella on their skin or in their faeces. Another contamination route could be resident flora present on the slaughter equipment. To unravel the contribution of these two potential sources of Salmonella a quantitative study was conducted. Process equipment (belly openers and carcass splitters), faeces and carcasses (skin and cutting surfaces) along the slaughter-line were sampled at 11 sampling days spanning a period of 4 months. Most samples taken directly after killing were positive for Salmonella. On 96.6% of the skin samples Salmonella was identified, whereas a lower number of animals tested positive in their rectum (62.5%). The prevalence of Salmonella clearly declined on the carcasses at the re-work station, either on the cut section or on the skin of the carcass or both (35.9%). Throughout the sampling period of the slaughter-line the total number of Salmonella per animal was almost 2log lower at the re-work station in comparison to directly after slaughter. Seven different serovars were identified during the study with S. Derby (41%) and S. Typhimurium (29%) as the most prominent types. A recurring S. Rissen contamination of one of the carcass splitters indicated the presence of an endemic 'house flora' in the slaughterhouse studied. On many instances several serotypes per individual sample were found. The enumeration of Salmonella and the genotyping data gave unique insight in the dynamics of transmission of this pathogen in a slaughter-line. The data of the presented study support the hypothesis that resident flora on slaughter equipment was a relevant source for contamination of pork

Analyse écorégionale marine de Nouvelle-Calédonie : atelier d'identification des aires de conservation prioritaires

Dans le cadre de l'initiative pour les récifs coralliens du Pacifique sud (CRISP), le WWF-France a souhaité développer un projet pour la protection des récifs et des lagons néo-calédoniens. L'atelier, qui s'est déroulé les 10 et 11 août à Nouméa, avait pour objectif de rassembler les scientifiques et les experts du lagon néocalédonien pour identifier, sur la base de leur connaissance experte, les zones les plus remarquables du lagon (richesse, endémisme, originalité des faunes et flores, espèces emblématiques, zones d'intérêt fonctionnel) sur lesquelles doivent porter en priorité les efforts de conservation. Il a permis d'identifier 20 aires prioritaires pour la conservation, parmi lesquelles 6 ont un intérêt mondial, 4 ont un intérêt sur le plan régional, les autres ayant un intérêt local

A Virtual Testing Approach for Laminated Composites Based on Micromechanics

International audienceThe chapter deals with a crucial question for the design of composite structures: how can one predict the evolution of damage up to and including final fracture? Virtual testing, whose goal is to drastically reduce the huge number of industrial tests involved in current characterization procedures, constitutes one of today’s main industrial challenges. In this work, one revisits our multiscale modeling answer through its practical aspects. Some complements regarding identification, kinking, and crack initiation are also given. Finally, the current capabilities and limits of this approach are discussed, as well as the computational challenges that are inherent to “Virtual Structural Testing.

The ThomX project status

Work supported by the French Agence Nationale de la recherche as part of the program EQUIPEX under reference ANR-10-EQPX-51, the Ile de France region, CNRS-IN2P3 and Université Paris Sud XI - http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/IPAC2014/papers/wepro052.pdfA collaboration of seven research institutes and an industry has been set up for the ThomX project, a compact Compton Backscattering Source (CBS) based in Orsay - France. After a period of study and definition of the machine performance, a full description of all the systems has been provided. The infrastructure work has been started and the main systems are in the call for tender phase. In this paper we will illustrate the definitive machine parameters and components characteristics. We will also update the results of the different technical and experimental activities on optical resonators, RF power supplies and on the electron gun

Functional mechanisms underlying pleiotropic risk alleles at the 19p13.1 breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility locus

A locus at 19p13 is associated with breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Here we analyse 438 SNPs in this region in 46,451 BC and 15,438 OC cases, 15,252 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 73,444 controls and identify 13 candidate causal SNPs associated with serous OC (P=9.2 × 10-20), ER-negative BC (P=1.1 × 10-13), BRCA1-associated BC (P=7.7 × 10-16) and triple negative BC (P-diff=2 × 10-5). Genotype-gene expression associations are identified for candidate target genes ANKLE1 (P=2 × 10-3) and ABHD8 (P<2 × 10-3). Chromosome conformation capture identifies interactions between four candidate SNPs and ABHD8, and luciferase assays indicate six risk alleles increased transactivation of the ADHD8 promoter. Targeted deletion of a region containing risk SNP rs56069439 in a putative enhancer induces ANKLE1 downregulation; and mRNA stability assays indicate functional effects for an ANKLE1 3′-UTR SNP. Altogether, these data suggest that multiple SNPs at 19p13 regulate ABHD8 and perhaps ANKLE1 expression, and indicate common mechanisms underlying breast and ovarian cancer risk