Explorando as associações entre redes pessoais e acesso a bens materiais em duas metrópoles brasileiras

Esse artigo discute redes pessoais de indivíduos em situação de pobreza em doze localidades em São Paulo e Salvador, Brasil. Resultados anteriores dessa mesma investigação estudaram as redes de 209 indivíduos em situação de pobreza e 30 de classe média em São Paulo. A pesquisa investigou o papel das redes sociais na reprodução da pobreza, levando em conta o acesso dos indivíduos a bens e serviços obtidos em mercados, mas também os alcançados via ajudas e troca sociais. O presente artigo inclui os resultados de outras 152 redes de indivíduos que vivem em cinco localidades pobres de Salvador. O artigo parte da discussão comparativa das características das redes nas duas cidades. Em geral, os resultados confirmam os anteriores, embora com peculiaridades importantes em relação ao papel do espaço e da segregação residencial. Em seguida, realizamos análise quantitativa das associações entre renda, acesso a empregos e empregos de melhor qualidade, testando a importância de atributos sociais considerados classicamente pela literatura, mas também de medidas das redes e das sociabilidades dos indivíduos. Os resultados confirmam a importância central dos tipos de redes e de sociabilidade na explicação das situações de pobreza urbana.This article discusses personal networks of individuals in poverty who live in twelve localities in São Paulo and Salvador, Brazil. Previous results from this same investigation analyzed the networks of 209 poor individuals and 30 middle class individuals in São Paulo. The research explored the role of social networks in poverty reproduction, taking into account the access to goods and services obtained through markets, as well as those received from helps and social aids. The present article complements the information with 152 other networks of individuals in poverty who live in five locations in Salvador. The article departs from the comparison of the characteristics of social networks in the two cities. In general, the results confirm previous findings, but important differences associated with the role of space and residential segregation arise. Following, we developed quantitative analyses of the associations between networks, income, employment and job tenure, testing the importance of social attributes usually considered by the literature, but also network and sociability measures. The results confirm the central importance of network and sociability types in the explaining of poverty conditions

The backstage of civil society : protagonisms, networks, and affinities between civil organisations in São Paulo

The extraordinary attention raised by civil society in the academic world and in national and international circuits of public policymakers has paradoxically contributed to overshadow civil organisations, their diversity, the logics of their actions, and the dynamics of their interaction with other actors. Thus in spite of such success – and, to a large degree, due to it – surprisingly little is known about the modus operandi of civil organisations. By penetrating the ‘backstage’ of civil society, this paper intends to bring up and understand issues that are not often addressed in literature as well as to advance in generating answers based on empirical knowledge. More precisely, applying network analysis to relational data from a survey conducted in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2002, the following pages will address how do civil organisations work? That is, which are the distinct logics of action and internal interaction dynamics that organise the universe of those societal actors? In order to allow its systematic empirical treatment, the answering of such a question will be entirely relational and will be done through network analysis. This paper brings at least three interesting findings: firstly, there is a remarkable diffuse connectivity between São Paulo-based civil organisations; secondly, it is a highly hierarchised universe of actors where popular organisations, NGOs, and coordinating bodies occupy central positions, privileged by higher capability for action and choice, while clearly peripheral neighbourhood associations, community associations, and service non-profit organisations are dependent upon the former group and have limited options for action; thirdly, preferential links were found between certain types of organisations. Such links always follow the same direction: from peripheral organisations towards those with more reach and capability for action or, not surprisingly, from privileged organisations to other equally privileged ones. Keywords: Civil society, network analysis, civil organisations, São Paulo

Policy Dynamics and Government Attention over Welfare Policies: An Analysis of the Brazilian Case

The recognition of issues as public problems and the ways governments prioritize them constitute focal points in the study of policy change and policy dynamics. In Brazil and other Latin American countries, social welfare systems and related policies have undergone transformations throughout the recent democratic period. This article aims to understand changes in the Brazilian social welfare agenda by means of an analysis of the attention given to social welfare policies at the federal level. The main analytical and methodological contribution of this article is its use of the research strategy developed under the Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) to analyze the Brazilian situation. We drew on a set of unpublished datasets on the attention given by governments to social welfare policies from 1988 to 2018 that involves more than one thousand observations across six different datasets. The analyses are made at two different levels: first, we seek to understand macro trends and moments of continuity and inflection in social welfare policy by federal government administration. Second, we analyze the composition of the attention given to social welfare policies, thereby identifying the themes given the highest priority

Uuden layout-suunnitelman kehittäminen kohdeyritykselle

Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on luoda uusi toimiva layout-suunnitelma Constructor Finland Oy:lle. Constructor Finland Oy on Lohjalla sijaitseva yritys, joka kehittää, valmistaa ja markkinoi tuotteita ja palveluja varasto-, arkisto-, toimisto- ja myymäläsovelluksiin sekä materiaalinkäsittelyyn. Yrityksellä on Lohjalla kaksi tehdasrakennusta ja uusi layout kehitetään toisen tehtaan valmistuotevarastolle. Nykyinen layout on luontaisen kehityksen myötä jäänyt tehottomaksi, eikä se kykene käsittelemään kasvaneita materiaalivirtoja. Uusi layout keskittyy korjaamaan yrityksen ylätehtaan valmistuotevaraston ongelmakohtia. Korjauksilla pyritään nopeuttamaan ja helpottamaan varastossa varastoitavien tuotteiden keräilytoimintaa. Työn teoriaosiossa käsitellään varastoinnin perusteita, käydään läpi erilaiset varastointitavat ja hyvän layout-suunnitelman vaatimukset. Teoriaosuuden jälkeen työssä esitellään kohdeyritys ja syyt miksi yritykselle kertyy varastoja. Lopussa analysoidaan nykyinen layout-suunnitelma, jonka pohjalta uusi suunnitelma on tehty. Uusi suunnitelma esitellään ja sen toteutuksen vaiheet käydään läpi. Tämän jälkeen kerrotaan uuden suunnitelman edut ja yrityksen tulevaisuuden kehityskohteet varastossa.The meaning of this thesis is to create a new functional layout plan for the target company, Constructor Finland Ltd. The company is located in Lohja and it’s a manufacturer and marketer of leading edge storage and handling solutions for industry and commerce. The company has two factory buildings in Lohja and the new layout is for the storage part of the other factory The present layout has lost its efficiency as the material flows have increased trough the years. The purpose of the new layout is to repair problem points of the storage. The Idea of the repairs is to speed up the collecting process and to make it easier for the workers to do their job. The basics of storing, the different ways to manage storages and the requirements of a good layout have been covered in the theory part of this thesis. After the theory part follows the presentation of the target company. The reasons why the company has storage are also covered in this section. In the end the present layout is analyzed and the new layout will be done based on the results. The new layout will be presented and the phases involved in the planning will be reported. After this the benefits of the new layout plan will be shown and the future development areas of the company’s storage will be explained

Dinâmicas nacionais e internacionais no child support grant da África do Sul

This article examines one of South Africa’s cash  transfers since its formulation until the present moment. The analysis of the Child Support Grant  takes into consideration its insertion in the  national social protection system, while also puts  it in international perspective. This article is based  on a literature review and on the analysis of  official documents and interviews. Besides the  description of the programme’s evolution, the article also aims at contributing to the debates  regarding global policies.O artigo analisa o programa sul-africano de transferência monetária Child Support Grant desde a sua formulação  até ao momento atual, tanto no quadro do sistema de proteção social nacional quanto em perspectiva  internacional. Construído a partir de revisão da literatura, de documentos oficiais e de entrevistas, o texto contribui  para a discussão sobre políticas globais e constitui um registro da evolução desta política social

Estado e espaço urbano: revisitando criticamente as explicações sobre as políticas urbanas

Este artigo analisa as políticas de infra-estrutura urbana em São Paulo entre 1978 e 1998. Partindo de dados primários, o estudo reconstrói os investimentos públicos e a sua distribuição espacial na cidade, usando uma base construída a partir de indicadores sociais. Esse procedimento permite discutir os aspectos distributivos da política e o seu impacto sobre os habitantes do Município de São Paulo. Os resultados problematizam hipóteses presentes nas literaturas de Sociologia e estudos urbanos. Abstract This article analyses urban infra-structure policies in São Paulo between 1978 and 1998. Starting from primary data, the study retraces public investments and their spatial distribution in the city, using a base built from social indicators. This procedure allows a discussion of distributive aspects of these policies and their impact on the inhabitants of the municipality of São Paulo. The results jeopardize some hypotheses of the Sociological and Urban Studies' literature. Résumé Cet article analyse les politiques d'infrastructure urbaine à São Paulo entre 1978 et 1998. En s'appuyant d'abord sur des données primaires, l'étude reconstruit les investissements publics et leur distribution espaciale dans la ville. A cet effet, elle utilise une base construite à partir des indicateurs sociaux. Ce procédé amène à discuter les aspects distributifs de la politique et leurs conséquences auprès des habitants de la ville de São Paulo. Les résultats critiquent les hypothèses présentes dans les littératures de Sociologie et d'Etudes Urbaines

REDES PESSOAIS E VULNERABILIDADE SOCIAL EM SÃO PAULO E SALVADOR

Social networks have often been cited as key element in shaping social situations. This article discusses the social networks of poor individuals in 12 locations in the cities of São Paulo e Salvador, by comparing the patterns found. After that, it analyzes quantitatively the association between those networks, as well as the attributes of individuals, and where the social vulnerability takes place. The results indicate the importance of the types of networks and of sociability to explain situations of urban poverty.Redes sociais têm sido constantemente citadas como importantes elementos na definição de situações sociais. Este artigo discute redes pessoais de indivíduos em situação de pobreza em doze localidades nas cidades de São Paulo e Salvador, comparando os padrões gerais observados. Em seguida, o artigo realiza uma análise quantitativa da associação de tais redes, assim como de atributos dos indivíduos, com a presença de situações de vulnerabilidade social. Os resultados indicam a importância dos tipos de redes e de sociabilidade na explicação das situações de pobreza urbana

Implementação de políticas públicas no nível intramunicipal: o caso das Supervisões de Assistência Social da cidade de São Paulo

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a implementação da política municipal de assistência social na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 2001 a 2016, com foco no papel das Supervisões de Assistência Social (SAS) do município. A análise está baseada nos pressupostos da literatura sobre implementação de políticas públicas, em normativos que regulam a política municipal de assistência social no município e em entrevistas realizadas com burocratas de médio escalão que coordenam as SAS. Argumentamos aqui que compreender a implementação de políticas públicas em grandes cidades implica analisar em maior detalhe o nível intramunicipal e as relações estabelecidas entre atores estatais e não estatais nesse nível