Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing Self-Medication in Children

To evaluate the prevalence, influencing factors, and behavior rules of self-medication in children. Articles on self-medication in children from various electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, the WHO website ( https://www.who.int/ ), ABI, CNKI, and Wanfang), were searched to August 2022. The single-group meta-analyses of the prevalence, influencing factors, and behavior rules of self-medication in children were performed using Revman 5.3 and Stata 16.0. The overall pooled prevalence of self-medication in children was 57% (95% CI: 0.39-0.75, I²  = 100%, P  < .00001 Z  = 6.22). The pooled prevalence for main influencing factors, in terms of caregivers, was: 73% (95% CI: 0.72-0.75, I²  = 100%, P  < .00001, Z  = 111.18) for those in rural areas; 55% (95% CI: 0.51-0.59, P  = .04, Z  = 26.92, I²  = 68%, P  < .00001) for females; 75% (95% CI: 0.74-0.76, I²  = 68%, P  < .00001, Z  = 106.66) for those whose income was less than 716 dollars; 77% (95% CI: 0.75-0.79, I²  = 99%, P  < .000001, Z  = 92.59) for the middle-aged and elderly; and 72% (95% CI: 0.58-87, I²  = 99%, P  < .00001, Z  = 9.82) for those with a degree below bachelor. In the process of self-medication for children, 19% (95% CI: 0.06-0.32, I²  = 99%, P  < .00001, Z  = 2.82) of the caregivers did not read the instructions, 28% (95% CI: −0.03-0.60, I²  = 100%, P  < .000001, Z  = 1.77) neglected adverse effects, 49% (95% CI: 0.11-0.87, I²  = 100%, P  = .01, Z  = 2.51) spontaneously increased or decreased the dosages, 49% (95% CI: 0.48-0.55, I²  = 65%, P  < .00001, Z  = 16.51) had an awareness of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, and 41% (95% CI: 0.18-0.64, I²  = 99%, P  < .00001, Z  = 3.49) misrecognized the antibiotics. Self-medication for children was common, although the overall prevalence was not very high. The prevalence of self-medication in children was relatively higher among those caregivers who were female, rural, had low-income, were elder, or had a degree below bachelor. Common behaviors during self-medication in children included spontaneous dose increase or decrease, a lack of awareness of OTC drugs, and misconception of antibiotics. Government departments should formulate corresponding policies to provide quality health education resources for the caregivers of children

Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop in a mini-channel shell and tube heat exchanger

This study experimentally investigated heat transfer and pressure drop on tube side of a mini-channel shell and tube heat exchanger (MC-STHE) prototype designed and manufactured using Kern method. Mini-channel copper tubes with an inner diameter of 2mm and a length of 240mm were used on the tube side of the MC-STHE. Baffles with a 25% baffle cut and a shell with an inner diameter of 30mm were used on the shell side. The Reynolds number on the tube side was changed from 1000 to 10,000 while that on the shell side was kept constant at 680. The experimental convective heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for the tube side were compared with correlations for macro-pipes commonly used in the literature. The experimental convective heat transfer coefficients were in good agreement with the Shah and Sieder-Tate correlations in the laminar region and in good agreement with the Petukhov, Hausen and Gnielinski correlations in the transition region while the experimental friction factors showed a similar tendency to the correlation modified by Shah. In addition, the Nusselt number and friction factor correlations have been proposed for use in designing similar MC-STHEs. The optimal operating range of Reynolds number for MC-STHEs is 4000<Re <5000 based on the Colburn factor while it is 4000<Re <6000 based on the flow area goodness factor