Ordenha e boas práticas de produção.

Considerando a importância da adoção de práticas adequadas para minimizar a contaminação do leite cru e garantir a qualidade da matéria-prima e seus derivados, este capítulo irá abordar os principais aspectos da ordenha e das boas práticas de produção.bitstream/item/217359/1/cpafro-18460.pd

Efecto del resveratrol en el porcentaje y calidad de embriones in vitro generados por separación de blastómeras en bovinos

The oxidative state is an important factor that determines the development of bovine embryos. The objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on the quality of in vitro embryos generated by separation of blastomeres in cattle. Oocytes from the slaughterhouse were matured and fertilized in vitro by the conventional method. After 18 hours of fertilization, the zygotes were cultured for 3 days in synthetic oviductual fluid medium (SOF) for control and supplemented with 2 μM and 0.5 μM for the treatments. On day 3 they were stripped of their zona pellucida (ZP) to be cultivated at a rate of four blastomeres in well of the well (WOW) for 6 days in medium SOF supplemented with resveratrol. We evaluated percentage data of cleavage and embryonic division (8 to 10 blastomeres) after 3 days of culture, finding a significant difference p<0.05 with supplementation with 0.5 μM of resveratrol. At 6 days after blastomeres separation, percentage of embryos, number of total cells, live cells and dead cells were evaluated using Hoechst, FDA and PI staining respectively. There were no differences in the percentage of blastocysts between treatments; however, supplementation with 0.5 μM of resveratrol to the SOF medium had a greater amount of total cells and living cells (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with resveratrol in the SOF medium does not increase the percentage of blastocysts but improves its quality using a concentration of 0.5 μM.El estado oxidativo es un factor importante que determina el desarrollo de embriones bovinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del resveratrol en el porcentaje y calidad de embriones in vitro generados por separación de blastómeras en ganado bovino. Ovocitos provenientes de matadero fueron madurados y fecundados in vitro por el método convencional. Terminada las 18 horas de fecundación, los cigotos se cultivaron por 3 días en medio fluido oviductual sintético (SOF) para el control y suplementado con 2 µM y 0,5 µM para los tratamientos. Al día 3 se despojaron de su zona pelúcida (ZP) para ser cultivados a razón de cuatro blastómeras en well of thewell (WOW) por 6 días en medio SOF suplementado con resveratrol. Se evaluaron datos porcentuales de clivaje y división embrionaria (8 a 10 blastómeros) a los 3 días de cultivo superando la suplementación con 0.5µM de resveratrol (p<0,05). A los 6 días post separación de blastómeras se evaluó porcentaje de embriones, cantidad de células totales, células vivas y células muertas, utilizando la tinción Hoechst, FDA y PI respectivamente. No hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de blastocistos entre tratamientos; sin embargo, la suplementación con 0,5 µM de resveratrol al medio SOF tuvo mayor cantidad de células totales y células vivas (p<0,05). Finalmente la suplementación con resveratrol al medio SOF no aumenta el porcentaje de blastocistos pero sí mejora su calidad usando una concentración de 0,5 µM

Dog skin parasite load, TLR-2, IL-10 and TNF-α expression and infectiousness

Visceral leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies. Dogs are the main peri-urban reservoir of the disease, and progression of canine leishmaniosis is dependent on the type of immune response elaborated against the parasite. Type 1 immunity is characterized by effective cellular response, with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In contrast, Type 2 immunity is predominantly humoral, associated with progression of the disease and mediated by anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). Although seemly important in the dynamics of leishmaniosis, other gene products such as toll-like receptor 2 (TRL-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) exert unclear roles in the determination of the type of immune response. Given that the dog skin serves as a micro-environment for the multiplication of Leishmania spp., we investigated the parasite load and the expression of TLR-2, iNOS, IL-10 and TNF-α in the skin of 29 infected and 8 control dogs. We found that increased parasite load leads to upregulation of TLR-2, IL-10 and TNF-α, indicating that abundance of these transcripts is associated with infection. We also performed a xenodiagnosis to demonstrate that increased parasitism is a risk factor for infectiousness to sandflies

An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: impacts on organisms and ecosystems

New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on organisms is presented in this review, complementing the previous WIA in 2015. The high toxicity of these systemic insecticides to invertebrates has been confirmed and expanded to include more species and compounds. Most of the recent research has focused on bees and the sublethal and ecological impacts these insecticides have on pollinators. Toxic effects on other invertebrate taxa also covered predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and aquatic arthropods. Little, while not much new information has been gathered on soil organisms. The impact on marine coastal ecosystems is still largely uncharted. The chronic lethality of neonicotinoids to insects and crustaceans, and the strengthened evidence that these chemicals also impair the immune system and reproduction, highlights the dangers of this particular insecticidal classneonicotinoids and fipronil. , withContinued large scale – mostly prophylactic – use of these persistent organochlorine pesticides has the potential to greatly decreasecompletely eliminate populations of arthropods in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Sublethal effects on fish, reptiles, frogs, birds and mammals are also reported, showing a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of these insecticides in vertebrates, and their deleterious impacts on growth, reproduction and neurobehaviour of most of the species tested. This review concludes with a summary of impacts on the ecosystem services and functioning, particularly on pollination, soil biota and aquatic invertebrate communities, thus reinforcing the previous WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. 2015)

Difusão de boas práticas e caracterização de propriedades leiteiras

The aim was to characterize the dairy production of Paraná state central region, Brazil, and also evaluate the good manufacturing practices training program to improve the microbiologic quality of milk. Small milk farms were the most common found, manual milking process and low level of technification. Milk's TBC averages were compared before and after the training program, with signi- ficant drop (p<0.05) of about 60 %. When milk's TBC averages of the farmers that received the training program were compared with the farmers that did not received it, a difference was also observed (p<0.05).O objetivo foi caracterizar a produção leiteira na região central do Paraná, Brasil, e avaliar o programa de capacitação oferecido aos produ- tores para a melhoria da qualidade microbiológica do leite. As propriedades leiteiras da região são pequenas extensões de terra com animais de baixa produção e pouca tecnificação. As médias de CBT do leite foram comparadas antes e depois do treinamento, com queda (p<0,05) de aproxima- damente 60 %. Quando as médias de CBT do leite dos produtores que receberam o treinamento foram comparadas com os que não receberam, também houve diferença (p<0,05)