Protecting the environment through insect farming as a means to produce protein for use as livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed

Securing protein for the approximate 10 billion humans expected to inhabit our planet by 2050 is a major priority for the global community. Evidence has accrued over the past 30 years that strongly supports and justifies the sustainable use of insects as a means to produce protein products as feed for pets, livestock, poultry, and aquacultured species. Researchers and entrepreneurs affiliated with universities and industries, respectively, from 18 nations distributed across North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia contributed to the development of this article, which is an indication of the global interest on this topic. A brief overview of insects as feed for the aquaculture industry along with a review of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), as a model for such systems is provided

Valor de los metodos directos e indirectos de diagnóstico en las micosis sitémicas asociadas al SIDA Efficacy of different diagnosis methods in systemic mycoses associated with AIDS

Durante 5 años se estudiaron 117 pacientes con micosis sistémicas asociadas al SIDA: 74 criptococosis, 39 histoplasmosis y 4 con ambas enfermedades. Para el diagnóstico analizamos los siguientes materiales: escarificaciones de lesiones cutáneas o mucosas, aspirados de médula ósea, secreciones bronquiales, biopsias de diversos órganos, líquido cefalorraquídeo, hemocultivos y sueros para determinaciones serológicas. Fueron estudiadas en total 203 muestras de pacientes con histoplasmosis, el 46.3% de las mismas acusó la presencia de H. capsulatum. Las escarificaciones cutáneas exhibieron la mayor sensibilidad (94.7%), seguidas por las biopsias (80%) y los mielocultivos (42.1%). La demostración de anticuerpos circulantes por medio de 3 pruebas serológicas y con de 2 antígenos específicos dio resultados positivos en el 45.4% de los pacientes. Se estudiaron en total 413 especímenes de pacientes con criptococosis, la confirmación diagnóstica fue posible en el 69% de las muestras. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con el LCR (89.5%), le seguieron en sensibilidad los hemocultivos (61.2%), las escarificaciones cutáneas (42.9%) y los urocultivos (41.7%). La búsqueda de antígeno en los fluidos orgánicos fue positiva en casi todos los casos. La revisión que presentamos permitirá una búsqueda más racional y rápida de los métodos de diagnóstico en las micosis asociadas al SIDA.<br>One hundred and seventeen patients suffering systemic mycosis and AIDS were studied during 5 years in the Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires City. Seventy four of them presented cryptococcosis, 39 histoplasmosis and 4 both mycoses. The following specimens were studied for the diagnosis: skin and mucous membrane scrapings, bone marrow aspirations, bronchial secretions, biopsies of different organs, cerebral spinal fluid and blood cultures. Sera were also collected for serologic tests. A total of 203 samples from patients with histoplasmosis were studied, 46.3% of them showed H. capsulatum in microscopic examinations or in cultures, skin scraping was the most sensitive diagnostic method (94.7% of positive results), followed by biopsies (80%) and bone marrow cultures (42.1%). Specific antibodies were detected in 45.4% of the patients with histoplasmosis, using 2 different antigens and 3 types of serologic reactions (complement fixation test, immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis). A total of 413 samples from patients with cryptococcosis were examined, 69% of them confirmed the diagnosis. The mycologic study of CSF was the most sensitive method of study, since it registered positive results in 89.5%, followed by blood cultures (61.2%), skin scrapings (42.9%), and urine cultures (41.7%). Polisaccharyde antigens from C. neoformans in organic fluids were detected in almost all the cases. The aim of this study is to compare all the suitable diagnostic methods which can be used in systemic mycosis associated with AIDS in order to find the most rapid way of diagnosis