Geochemistry of the phyllites of the Copper Mountain region, Sandur schist belt, Karnataka

Chemical composition of the phyllites of the Copper Mountain region of the late Archaean Sandur Schist belt in the eastern block of the Dharwar craton indicates that the fine-grained elastic sediments from which they were formed, were derived from a provenance comprising similar to 60% felsic, similar to 30% mafic and similar to 10% ultramafic rocks. High Zr/Nb and Zr/Y ratios; and lack of strong -ve Eu anomalies suggest that the felsic component of the provenance was dominantly made up of tonalites-trondhjemites; granites and granodiorites were very subordinate constituents. The sediments appear to have accumulated in a continental island are environment. Rarity of granitic constituents in the pre-Dharwar provenance of Sandur basin contrasts with the abundance of such constituents in the provenance for the fine-grained elastic sediments of basins in the western block of the Dharwar craton. The continental crust of the eastern block was apparently less evolved during the pre-Dharwar time as compared to that in the western block of the Dharwar craton

Land use change from rainforests to oil palm plantations and food gardens in Papua New Guinea: Effects on soil properties and S fractions

Changes in soil sulfur (S) fractions were assessed in oil palm and food garden land use systems developed on forest vegetation in humid tropical areas of Popondetta in northern Province. The study tested a hypothesis that S in food gardens are limiting nutrient factor and are significantly lower than in plantations and forests. Subsistence food gardens are under long-term slash and burn practice of cropping and such practice is expected to accelerate loss of biomass S from the ecosystem. From each land use, surface soil (0–15 cm) samples were characterised and further pseudocomplete fractionated for S. Conversion of forest to oil palm production decreased (p0.001) soil pH and electrical conductivity values. The reserve S fraction in soil increased significantly (p0.05) due to oil palm production (∼ 28 %) and food gardening activity (∼ 54 %). However, plant available SO42--S was below 15 mg kg^(−1) in the food garden soils and foliar samples of sweet potato crop indicating deficiency of plant available S. Soil organic carbon content (OC) was positively and significantly correlated to total S content (r=0.533; p0.001) among the land use systems. Thus, crop management practices that affect OC status of the soils would potentially affect the S availability in soils. The possible changes in the chemical nature of mineralisable organic S compounds leading to enhanced mineralisation and leaching losses could be the reasons for the deficiency of S in the food garden soils. The results of this study conclude that long-term subsistence food gardening activity enriched top soils with reserve S or total S content at the expense of soluble S fraction. The subsistence cropping practices such as biomass burning in food gardens and reduced fallow periods are apparently threatening food security of oil palm households. Improved soil OC management strategies such as avoiding burning of fallow vegetation, improved fallows, mulching with fallow biomass, use of manures and S containing fertilisers must be promoted to sustain food security in smallholder oil palm system

Estimation of Measures in M/m/1 Queue

Maximum likelihood and uniform minimum variance unbiased estimators of steady-state probability distribution of system size, probability of at least ℓ customers in the system in steady state, and certain steady-state measures of effectiveness in the M/M/1 queue are obtained/derived based on observations on X, the number of customer arrivals during a service time. The estimators are compared using Asympotic Expected Deficiency (AED) criterion leading to recommendation of uniform minimum variance unbiased estimators over maximum likelihood estimators for some measures

Modelling , of Polyurethanes Based on Hydroxyl- Terminated Polybutadiene

Forty formulations based on four different grades ofhydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, HTPB(hydroxyl value 20- 40 mg KOHlg) at r = [NCO] / [OH] values in the range 0.7 -1.0 with varyingamounts of trimethylol propane and butane diol and containing 86 per cent solid loading wereconsidered to test the applicability of a.-model of Marsh, et al. for prediction of the mechanicalproperties of composite solid propellants. Two network parameters, crosslink density (Ve) andeffective chain length (LX), were calculated from the model. Tensile strength and modulus werecorrelated to Ve and elongation at break to LX. Using the correlations obtained from experimental dataat r< 0.8, mechanical properties of the various fonnulations were predicted. Good agreement betweenexperimental and predicted properties was obtained for fonnulations with modulus 10 KSC. Probablereasons for deviation observed at stoichiometric ratio r < 0.8 and low modulus values are discussed.Improved correlations between mechanical properties and network parameters, applicable over a widerange of fonnulations, were arrived at. The standard errors of prediction were found to be close to :+- 1 0-value of the measurement

Yield potential and economics of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as influenced by different crop residues and green biomass composts

A field experiment was conducted on vertisols at Organic Farming Research Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur coming under northern Karnataka during rabi season of 2015-16 to study the yield potential (q ha-1 ) and economics of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as influenced by different crop residues and green biomass composts. The experiment consisted of fifteen treatments, of which twelve treatments were based on nitrogen supply though different composts, one recommended dose of fertilizer, one recommended organic and inorganic fertilizers and another was absolute control. Significantly higher grain yield (39.9 q ha-1 ) and stover yield (13.2 tha1 ) was recorded with application of FYM @ 3 t ha-1 + RDF (50:25 N:P2O5 kg ha-1 )followed by recommended NP fertilizers (T13: 37.2 q ha-1 ) and Cotton stalks +Redgram stalks + Glyricidiasp. with C: N ratio of 30:1 compost @ 50 kg N equivalent (T12: 36.6 q ha-1 ). The lowest grain yield was recorded with absolute control (T15: 18.4 q ha-1 ). Significantly higher B:C (3.08) was recorded with RDF(50:25 N:P2O5 kg ha-1 ) + FYM @ 3 t ha-1 application followed Cotton stalks +Redgram stalks + Glyricidia sp. with C: N ratio of 30:1 compost @ 50 kg N equivalent (T12:2.90) over other treatments. Application of recommended FYM @ 3 t ha-1 15 days before sowing along with 50 kg of nitrogen and 25 kg of phosphorus per hectare at the time of sowing recorded higher dry matter production, grain and stover yield and net returns and benefit: cost ratio

A Kinetic Study of Microwave Start-up of Tokamak Plasmas

A kinetic model for studying the time evolution of the distribution function for microwave startup is presented. The model for the distribution function is two dimensional in momentum space, but, for simplicity and rapid calculations, has no spatial dependence. Experiments on the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak have shown that the plasma current is carried mainly by electrons with energies greater than 70 keV, and effects thought to be important in these experiments are included, i.e. particle sources, orbital losses, the loop voltage and microwave heating, with suitable volume averaging where necessary to give terms independent of spatial dimensions. The model predicts current carried by electrons with the same energies as inferred from the experiments, though the current drive effciency is smaller

Optimization and Life cycle Cost Analysis of Renewable Energy Supply Options for Academic Buildings- A Case Study

In this paper focuses on realizing alternate power supply sources to the Academic buildings located at Manipal, Karnataka. India, and analyzing the possible combination of the Hybrid Energy sources. The main emphasis is on steering the Optimization and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis of the Hybrid Energy sources. The Hybrid Energy System optimization and feasibility study are carried out using HOMER Software and the results are verified with Linear Programming. The case study is conducted with the involvement of PV, Wind turbine and Diesel Generator (DG) along with the battery bank. Further, the DG was integrated with the renewable energy sources to smoothen the power circulation and enhance the reliability issues. The realistic climate data obtained from the NASA website for the location Manipal (13.347° N, 74.75° E) and estimates the solar and wind power using the models developed Keywords: PV, Wind, LCC, Optimization, HOMER JEL Classifications: Q21, Q40, Q41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.789

Perturbing microwave beams by plasma density fluctuations

The propagation of microwaves across a turbulent plasma density layer is investigated with full-wave simulations. To properly represent a fusion edge-plasma, drift-wave turbulence is considered based on the Hasegawa-Wakatani model. Scattering and broadening of a microwave beam whose amplitude distribution is of Gaussian shape is studied in detail as a function of certain turbulence properties. Parameters leading to the strongest deterioration of the microwave beam are identified and implications for existing experiments are given

A Web GIS Based Simulation Tool For Coastal Urban Flood Prediction

Flooding in urban areas due to heavy rainfall coupled with high tides is a major concern affecting development of coastal cities all over the world. There is a spectrum of models such as 2D distributed flood models to simplified storage cell models using analytical expressions. All such models demand a high level of skill to handle geospatial data making it difficult for decision makers. Thus development of web GIS based hydrological application becomes essential. Traditionally, most web GIS based applications have used conceptual model because of low data requirements and parameter calibrations. In this paper web GIS based integrated flood model has been presented. Both the web GIS server and the associated hydrological model have been indigenously built. The web GIS server has been built using Java, Java Servlet Page, JQuery, HTML and XML technologies while the associated hydrological model has been built in MATLAB language and both are stored on the server side. The data input to the model is from the client-side through web browser. The model is capable of simulation 1D overland flow using mass balance approach, 1D diffusion wave based channel flow model and quasi 2D raster based floodplain model. The study presents a web GIS based urban flood simulation tool for a coastal urban catchment of Navi Mumbai, India. The three main outputs from the tool are a) generation discharge and stage hydrographs at any point along the channel; b) Water level profile plot at any hour of the simulation and c) Flood map animation in case of flooding in channel. The results of the model application indicate that the model can be used as an effective coastal urban flood simulation tool

OVERVIEW OF EIGHTH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA: ANALYZING THE NEED FOR ADDITION OF NEW LANGUAGE IN EIGHTH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

This paper is an endeavor to critically analyze the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution which gives recognizes few of the major languages spoken in country. In the process of doing the same the author strives towards determining the scope of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution and the various implications on the languages that are enlisted in the Schedule. In Eighth Schedule there are 22 languages. The primary focus of the research paper is to determine whether there is a need for new languages to be enlisted in Eighth Schedule and is it justifiable to have only 22 languages when there are 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. This research paper is an attempt to analyze the importance of the recognition of languages especially with respect to Eighth Schedule. The research paper also focuses on the importance of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, its scope and objective. The researcher further relies on the philosophy of Historical school and jurist Friedrich Carl Von Savigny and the concept of Volksgeist (National Spirit). The author further focuses on the benefits of being recognized or enlisted in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. The paper analyses the need for a proper and well-established guideline to determine the criteria of recognition in Eighth Schedule