ICT for Transfer of Technology in Livestock Management ICT FOR TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY IN LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT The dairy sector in India plays a pivotal role in upliftment of socio-economic and employment generation for rural households. India is the top milk producing nation in the world contributing about 15% to the global milk pool. In the ongoing decade (2000 onwards) the compound growth rate of milk production has been more than 3.5% per annum. The contribution of agriculture and allied sectors is about 14.20% of total GDP while livestock sector alone is contributing about 32% of agriculture. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the operational process, rural development, communication, just in time services plays the major roles in fulfilling the needs to achieve the productivity of their services and products. Hence, the only alternative to empower the villages is to use ICT tools to bridge the gaps in adoption of recommended new technologies. The ICTs include community radio and television, cellular-telephony, use of computing devices, digital imaging, the Internet and Wide Area Networking (WAN), Wi-Fi and Mixed Media. The use of ICT to contribute for sustainable growth in livestock production in India is not a matter of providing computers and Internet connectivity or computerization of livestock research and development institutions. Krishi Vigyan Kendra is very important base for transfer of technology from laboratory to farmers' field with respect to agricultural and allied subjects. The KVK model is aimed to provide timely and appropriate technical advice to the needed farmers on need basis. The modern information tools viz., mobile, lap-top and internet, agri-portal system through internet, market price information system through mobile phone are the key ICT based technologies delivered to the farmers and timely information/advices are communicating as per the need of the situation

Study on discharge and short circuit generation in CMS GE1/1 triple-GEM detectors during Run 3

The installation of the new GE1/1 station of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment was completed during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The GE1/1 station has been operational in the CMS detector since the beginning of the Run-3 data-taking phase, and for the first time the GEM technology was deployed on a large scale, comprised of 144 chambers and tested in running conditions as integral part of the CMS data acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis chain. The deployment of the GEM detector required careful planning throughout the years, posing several challenges of practical and conceptual nature in integrating an entirely new subsystem in the existing CMS frame. Operations on the other hand provided a unique opportunity to test the GEM technology in never-before seen conditions, and an occasion to study their behavior during data taking. In describing some of the solutions to the posed challenges and the findings during the data-taking, the article will focus on the aspects related to power system management, including high-voltage and current monitoring, which is intrinsically related to the response of the chamber due to the workings of the GEM foil charge flow. To this end, this article will illustrate the operations of GE1/1 detectors in the first two years of Run-3, with a particular focus on the analysis of discharge occurrences, on the generation of short circuits in GE1/1 GEM foils and on the adopted mitigation strategies. The applied layout of the GEM detectors is thoroughly described, and detailed operating conditions of the detectors are discussed, along with the actions taken to mitigate these events

Impact of magnetic field on the stability of the CMS GE1/1 GEM detector operation

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors of the GE1/1 station of the CMS experiment have been operated in the CMS magnetic field for the first time on the 7$^{th}$ of October 2021. During the magnetic field ramps, several discharge phenomena were observed, leading to instability in the GEM High Voltage (HV) power system. In order to reproduce the behavior, it was decided to conduct a dedicated test at the CERN North Area with the Goliath magnet, using four GE1/1 spare chambers. The test consisted in studying the characteristics of discharge events that occurred in different detector configurations and external conditions. Multiple magnetic field ramps were performed in sequence: patterns in the evolution of the discharge rates were observed with these data. The goal of this test is the understanding of the experimental conditions inducing discharges and short circuits in a GEM foil. The results of this test lead to the development of procedure for the optimal operation and performance of GEM detectors in the CMS experiment during the magnet ramps. Another important result is the estimation of the probability of short circuit generation, at 68 % confidence level, p$_{short}$$^{HV}$ $^{OFF}$ = 0.42$^{-0.35+0.94}$% with detector HV OFF and p$_{short}$$^{HV}$ $^{OFF}$ < 0.49% with the HV ON. These numbers are specific for the detectors used during this test, but they provide a first quantitative indication on the phenomenon, and a point of comparison for future studies adopting the same procedure

Benchmarking LHC background particle simulation with the CMS triple-GEM detector

In 2018, a system of large-size triple-GEM demonstrator chambers was installed in the CMS experiment at CERN\u27s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The demonstrator\u27s design mimicks that of the final detector, installed for Run-3. A successful Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the collision-induced background hit rate in this system in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV is presented. The MC predictions are compared to CMS measurements recorded at an instantaneous luminosity of 1.5 ×10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and GEANT4 packages. FLUKA simulates the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers. The particle flux by FLUKA covers energy spectra ranging from 10$^{-11}$ to 10$^{4}$ MeV for neutrons, 10$^{-3}$ to 10$^{4}$ MeV for γ\u27s, 10$^{-2}$ to 10$^{4}$ MeV for e$^{±}$, and 10$^{-1}$ to 10$^{4}$ MeV for charged hadrons. GEANT4 provides an estimate of the detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of the detector geometry, the material composition, and the interaction of particles with the detector layers. The detector hit rate, as obtained from the simulation using FLUKA and GEANT4, is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties in the range 13.7-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of the background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC

Modeling the triple-GEM detector response to background particles for the CMS Experiment

An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and Geant4 packages to obtain the hit rate. FLUKA provides the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers, which is comprised of the particle flux with momentum direction and energy spectra ranging from $10^{-11}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for neutrons, $10^{-3}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $\gamma$'s, $10^{-2}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $e^{\pm}$, and $10^{-1}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for charged hadrons. Geant4 provides an estimate of detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of detector geometry, material composition and interaction of particles with the various detector layers. The MC simulated hit rate is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties of 10-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 6 table

Measurement of the Bs0 = μ+μ- decay properties and search for the B0 → μ+μ- decay in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV

Measurements are presented of the B0s & RARR; & mu;+& mu;- branching fraction and effective lifetime, as well as results of a search for the B0 & RARR; & mu;+& mu;- decay in proton-proton collisions at & RADIC;s =13 TeV at the LHC. The analysis is based on data collected with the CMS detector in 2016-2018 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb-1. The branching fraction of the B0s & RARR; & mu;+& mu;- decay and the effective B0s meson lifetime are the most precise single measurements to date. No evidence for the B0 & RARR; & mu;+& mu;- decay has been found. All results are found to be consistent with the standard model predictions and previous measurements. & COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons .org /licenses /by /4 .0/). Funded by SCOAP3

Measurement of Energy Correlators inside Jets and Determination of the Strong Coupling Formula Presented

Energy correlators that describe energy-weighted distances between two or three particles in a hadronic jet are measured using an event sample of $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb$^{−1}$. The measured distributions are consistent with the trends in the simulation that reveal two key features of the strong interaction: confinement and asymptotic freedom. By comparing the ratio of the measured three- and two-particle energy correlator distributions with theoretical calculations that resum collinear emissions at approximate next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy matched to a next-to-leading-order calculation, the strong coupling is determined at the Z boson mass: α$_S$ (m$_Z$)=0.1229 $\frac{0.0040}{-0.0050}$ , the most precise α$_S$m$_Z$ value obtained using jet substructure observable

Portable Acceleration of CMS Computing Workflows with Coprocessors as a Service

Computing demands for large scientific experiments, such as the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, will increase dramatically in the next decades. To complement the future performance increases of software running on central processing units (CPUs), explorations of coprocessor usage in data processing hold great potential and interest. Coprocessors are a class of computer processors that supplement CPUs, often improving the execution of certain functions due to architectural design choices. We explore the approach of Services for Optimized Network Inference on Coprocessors (SONIC) and study the deployment of this as-a-service approach in large-scale data processing. In the studies, we take a data processing workflow of the CMS experiment and run the main workflow on CPUs, while offloading several machine learning (ML) inference tasks onto either remote or local coprocessors, specifically graphics processing units (GPUs). With experiments performed at Google Cloud, the Purdue Tier-2 computing center, and combinations of the two, we demonstrate the acceleration of these ML algorithms individually on coprocessors and the corresponding throughput improvement for the entire workflow. This approach can be easily generalized to different types of coprocessors and deployed on local CPUs without decreasing the throughput performance. We emphasize that the SONIC approach enables high coprocessor usage and enables the portability to run workflows on different types of coprocessors

Search for the Z Boson Decay to ττμμ in Proton-Proton Collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The first search for the boson decay to ⁢⁢⁢ at the CERN LHC is presented, based on data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138  fb−1. The data are compatible with the predicted background. For the first time, an upper limit at the 95% confidence level of 6.9 times the standard model expectation is placed on the ratio of the →⁢⁢⁢ to →4⁢ branching fractions. Limits are also placed on the six flavor-conserving four-lepton effective-field-theory operators involving two muons and two tau leptons, for the first time testing all such operators

Performance of the CMS high-level trigger during LHC Run 2

The CERN LHC provided proton and heavy ion collisions during its Run 2 operation period from 2015 to 2018. Proton-proton collisions reached a peak instantaneous luminosity of 2.1 × 1034 cm−2s−1, twice the initial design value, at √ = 13 TeV . The CMS experiment records a subset of the collisions for further processing as part of its online selection of data for physics analyses, using a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 trigger, implemented in custom-designed electronics, and the high-level trigger, a streamlined version of the offline reconstruction software running on a large computer farm. This paper presents the performance of the CMS high-level trigger system during LHC Run 2 for physics objects, such as leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum, which meet the broad needs of the CMS physics program and the challenge of the evolving LHC and detector conditions. Sophisticated algorithms that were originally used in offline reconstruction were deployed online. Highlights include a machine-learning b tagging algorithm and a reconstruction algorithm for tau leptons that decay hadronically