309 research outputs found
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What can patients do to facilitate shared decision making? A qualitative study of patients with depression or schizophrenia and psychiatrists
Purpose
Patient involvement in decision making is endorsed by patients and professionals. While research has recently been conducted on how professionals can promote shared decision making (SDM), little is known about how patients can also facilitate SDM.
Methods
Seven focus groups were conducted: 3 with psychiatrists and 4 with patients with schizophrenia or depression. The focus groups were transcribed and independently coded line by line by 2 researchers. Data were analyzed using content analysis.
Results
Seven themes related to patient attitudes and behaviors were identified: honesty and openness with one’s psychiatrist and oneself, trust in one’s psychiatrist and patience with the treatment, respect and politeness, informing the psychiatrist and giving feedback, engagement/active participation during the consultation, gathering information/preparing for the consultation and implementing decisions. Barriers (e.g., avolition, lack of decisional capacity, powerlessness during involuntary treatment) and facilitators of active patient behavior were also identified.
Conclusions
There are various ways in which patients can facilitate SDM/play a more active role in decision making, with patients emphasizing being open and honest and psychiatrists emphasizing being active in the consultation. Interventions to increase active patient behavior may enhance SDM in mental health care
Limits of near transfer: content- and operation-specific effects of working memory training
Working memory (WM) training typically leads to large performance gains in the practiced tasks, but transfer of these gains to other contexts is elusive. One possible explanation for the inconsistent findings of past research is that transfer may only occur when cognitive strategies acquired during training can also be applied in the transfer tasks. Therefore, we systematically varied the content domains and WM operations assessed by training and transfer tasks and, thereby, the extent to which similar cognitive strategies could be applied. We randomly assigned 171 young adults to 1 of 8 experimental groups who trained 1 of 2 working memory operations (storage and processing or relational integration ) with materials from 1 of 4 content domains (verbal, numerical, figural-icon, or figural-pattern), to an active or to a passive control group. Before and after 12 sessions of adaptive training within 2-3 weeks, performance was assessed in all eight WM tasks. Bayesian generalized-mixed effects models revealed improved performance in the trained tasks compared to the active control group. However, these improvements did not generalize to tasks measuring the same WM operation with different materials. Moreover, the comparison of the training groups with an active and a passive control group showed considerable differences, thus highlighting the importance of distinguishing between active and passive control. Overall, the findings revealed no evidence for transfer between tasks assumed to afford the same strategies.
Therefore, the adoption of specific cognitive strategies alone is unlikely to be responsible for transfer of WM training gains between tasks
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Sensing sociability: Individual differences in young adults' conversation, calling, texting, and app use behaviors in daily life.
Sociability as a disposition describes a tendency to affiliate with others (vs. be alone). Yet, we know relatively little about how much social behavior people engage in during a typical day. One challenge to documenting social behavior tendencies is the broad number of channels over which socializing can occur, both in-person and through digital media. To examine individual differences in everyday social behavior patterns, here we used smartphone-based mobile sensing methods (MSMs) in four studies (total N = 926) to collect real-world data about young adults' social behaviors across four communication channels: conversations, phone calls, text messages, and use of messaging and social media applications. To examine individual differences, we first focused on establishing between-person variability in daily social behavior, examining stability of and relationships among daily sensed social behavior tendencies. To explore factors that may explain the observed individual differences in sensed social behavior, we then expanded our focus to include other time estimates (e.g., times of the day, days of the week) and personality traits. In doing so, we present the first large-scale descriptive portrait of behavioral sociability patterns, characterizing the degree to which young adults engaged in social behaviors and mapping these behaviors onto self-reported personality dispositions. Our discussion focuses on how the observed sociability patterns compare to previous research on young adults' social behavior. We conclude by pointing to areas for future research aimed at understanding sociability using mobile sensing and other naturalistic observation methods for the assessment of social behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Quantum jumps induced by the center-of-mass motion of a trapped atom
We theoretically study the occurrence of quantum jumps in the resonance
fluorescence of a trapped atom. Here, the atom is laser cooled in a
configuration of level such that the occurrence of a quantum jump is associated
to a change of the vibrational center-of-mass motion by one phonon. The
statistics of the occurrence of the dark fluorescence period is studied as a
function of the physical parameters and the corresponding features in the
spectrum of resonance fluorescence are identified. We discuss the information
which can be extracted on the atomic motion from the observation of a quantum
jump in the considered setup
Narrow Spectral Feature In Resonance Fluorescence With A Single Monochromatic Laser Field
We describe the resonance fluorescence spectrum of an atomic three-level
system where two of the states are coupled by a single monochromatic laser
field. The influence of the third energy level, which interacts with the two
laser-coupled states only via radiative decays, is studied in detail. For a
suitable choice of parameters, this system gives rise to a very narrow
structure at the laser frequency in the fluorescence spectrum which is not
present in the spectrum of a two-level atom. We find those parameter ranges by
a numerical analysis and use the results to derive analytical expressions for
the additional narrow peak. We also derive an exact expression for the peak
intensity under the assumption that a random telegraph model is applicable to
the system. This model and a simple spring model are then used to describe the
physical origins of the additional peak. Using these results, we explain the
connection between our system, a three-level system in V-configuration where
both transitions are laser driven, and a related experiment which was recently
reported.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figures, extension of the spring mode
Resonance fluorescence of a trapped three-level atom
We investigate theoretically the spectrum of resonance fluorescence of a
harmonically trapped atom, whose internal transitions are --shaped and
driven at two-photon resonance by a pair of lasers, which cool the
center--of--mass motion. For this configuration, photons are scattered only due
to the mechanical effects of the quantum interaction between light and atom. We
study the spectrum of emission in the final stage of laser--cooling, when the
atomic center-of-mass dynamics is quantum mechanical and the size of the wave
packet is much smaller than the laser wavelength (Lamb--Dicke limit). We use
the spectral decomposition of the Liouville operator of the master equation for
the atomic density matrix and apply second order perturbation theory. We find
that the spectrum of resonance fluorescence is composed by two narrow sidebands
-- the Stokes and anti-Stokes components of the scattered light -- while all
other signals are in general orders of magnitude smaller. For very low
temperatures, however, the Mollow--type inelastic component of the spectrum
becomes visible. This exhibits novel features which allow further insight into
the quantum dynamics of the system. We provide a physical model that interprets
our results and discuss how one can recover temperature and cooling rate of the
atom from the spectrum. The behaviour of the considered system is compared with
the resonance fluorescence of a trapped atom whose internal transition consists
of two-levels.Comment: 11 pages, 4 Figure
Spontaneous emission of an atom in front of a mirror
Motivated by a recent experiment [J. Eschner {\it et al.}, Nature {\bf 413},
495 (2001)], we now present a theoretical study on the fluorescence of an atom
in front of a mirror. On the assumption that the presence of the distant mirror
and a lens imposes boundary conditions on the electric field in a plane close
to the atom, we derive the intensities of the emitted light as a function of an
effective atom-mirror distance. The results obtained are in good agreement with
the experimental findings.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, revised version, references adde
Size-resolved online chemical analysis of nanoaerosol particles: a thermal desorption differential mobility analyzer coupled to a chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer
A new method for size-resolved chemical analysis of nucleation
mode aerosol particles (size range from ∼ 10 to ∼ 30 nm) is presented. The Thermal Desorption Differential Mobility Analyzer
(TD-DMA) uses an online, discontinuous principle. The particles are charged,
a specific size is selected by differential mobility analysis and they are
collected on a filament by electrostatic precipitation. Subsequently, the
sampled mass is evaporated in a clean carrier gas and analyzed by a chemical
ionization mass spectrometer. Gas-phase measurements are performed with the
same mass spectrometer during the sampling of particles. The characterization
shows reproducible results, with a particle size resolution of 1.19 and the
transmission efficiency for 15 nm particles being slightly above 50 %. The
signal from the evaporation of a test substance can be detected starting from
0.01 ng and shows a linear response in the mass spectrometer. Instrument
operation in the range of pg m−3 is demonstrated by an example
measurement of 15 nm particles produced by nucleation from dimethylamine,
sulfuric acid and water.</p
Resonance Fluorescence Spectrum of a Trapped Ion Undergoing Quantum Jumps
We experimentally investigate the resonance fluorescence spectrum of single
171Yb and 172Yb ions which are laser cooled to the Lamb-Dicke regime in a
radiofrequency trap. While the fluorescence scattering of 172Yb is continuous,
the 171Yb fluorescence is interrupted by quantum jumps because a nonvanishing
rate of spontaneous transitions leads to electron shelving in the metastable
hyperfine sublevel 2D3/2(F=2). The average duration of the resulting dark
periods can be varied by changing the intensity of a repumping laser field.
Optical heterodyne detection is employed to analyze the fluorescence spectrum
near the Rayleigh elastic scattering peak. It is found that the stochastic
modulation of the fluorescence emission by quantum jumps gives rise to a
Lorentzian component in the fluorescence spectrum, and that the linewidth of
this component varies according to the average duration of the dark
fluorescence periods. The experimental observations are in quantitative
agreement with theoretical predictions.Comment: 14 pages including 4 figures, pdf file, fig.1 replace
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