Effect of Organic Acids on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus Contaminated Meat

Appropriate and safe antibacterial agents able to decontaminate meat surfaces have long been big concern of meat industry. In an attempt to manage beef carcass contamination, spray wash treatments utilizing three concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2%) of acetic, lactic, propionic and formic acids were performed to evaluate their efficacy in reducing numbers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus on meat tissues. The procured beef pieces of freshly slaughtered animals were decontaminated with hot water and then inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus individually which then were spray washed with organic acids separately. The total plate count of the treated samples showed that the populations of bacteria decreased after being exposed to organic acids. Spray wash of formic acid resulted in the highest reduction of both bacterial species on meat surface. Significantly, higher log reductions were obtained for S. aureus than E. coli O157:H7. It was concluded that organic acids are highly effective in decontaminating meat surfaces and organic acids are shown to be safe, simple, efficient, and cheap modality of meat decontamination which can be highly recommended for industrial scales

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of tetracycline resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from nosocomial infections at Tehran hospitals

Objective(s): To date, the most important genes responsible for tetracycline resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates have been identified as tet A and tet B. This study was carried out to determine the rate of resistance to tetracycline and related antibiotics, and mechanisms of resistance. Materials and Methods: During the years 2010 and 2011, a total of 100 A. baumannii isolates were recovered from patients in different hospitals of Tehran, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility to tetracycline, minocycline, doxicycline and tigecycline was evaluated by E-test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the tet A and tet B genes was performed using specific primers, after which the isolates were subjected to Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-PCR (PCR) to identify the major genotypes. Results: Of all isolates, 89 were resistant to tetracycline (MIC50 = 32 mu g/ml, MIC90 = 512 mu g/ml). Minocycline with the resistant rate of 35 (MIC50 = 16 mu g/ml, MIC90 = 32 mu g/ml) and doxicycline with the resistant rate of 25 (MIC50 = 16 mu g/ml, MIC90= 32 mu g/ml) have a good activity against A. baumannii isolates. All isolates were sensitive to tigecycline. Frequencies of tet B and tet A genes and coexistence of tet A and tet B among the isolates resistant to tetracycline, were 87.6, 2.2 and 1.1, respectively. Distribution of REP-types among A. baumannii isolates was types A (40), B (30), C (10), D (5) and E (5). Conclusion: It seems that tet A and tet B genes play an important role in the induction of resistance towards tetracyclines used in this study. It is suggested that further studies focus on other antimicrobial drugs and combinations in order to achieve a successful therapy against multi drug resistance (MDR) A. baumannii strains in Iran

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

A long-period survey on nosocomial infections in Ilam University Hospitals, Iran

A long-period survey was carried out in three University Hospitals in Ilam-Iran in during Feb. 1997 to Jan. 2003, to determine the incidence of nosocomial infections (NIs) by site of infection, Hospital department and micro-organisms. Hospitals (N- 3) with more than 100 beds were studied. By classification sampling of 88473 hospitalized patients in three Hospitals of Ilam city, 5572 patients were selected and follow-up for nosocomial infections. Demographic and Clinical data were recorded from medical chart review by two investigators. The overall prevalence of NIs was 7.75 (CI: 6-9.5). Of 5572 patients, the most frequent site of NIs were the urinary tract infections (29.7 of NIs), followed by surgical wound infections (27.3) and bloodstream infections (16.7). Greatest prevalence rate was found in the Surgery department (11.6), followed by the adult ICU (8.2). The Positive cultures were found in 89.9 of the cases. Where only one micro-organism was isolated the most frequently isolated pathogen from all sites of infections was Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (17.8), followed by Escherichia coli (15.7) and Staphylococcus aureus (13.1). According to the results, there was significant difference between nosocomial infections and age groups (p = 0.044). This survey showed that NIs occurred in Ilam University Hospitals at a rate similar to that reported in European countries. These findings provide baseline information for further surveillance in association with prevention programmes in Ilam University Hospitals. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information

A comparative study of the antimicrobial effect of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Extract and selective antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Pesudomonas aeruginosa

Background: The pathogen of the positive gram Staphylococcus aureus and the negative gram Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most important infectious factors for human. Since the bacterial resistance to the chemical medicines has increased and the plant medicines are of less side effects, nowadays the medical plants have been the focus of attention. Objective: In this research, the Staphyloccus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa have been isolated. The pathogen of staphylococcus positive gram bacterium and pseudomonas aeroginosa negative gram after being isolated, they were incubated in a special condition. Results: An extract obtained from a native plant called Scropholaria striata. Then some incubation conditions were prepared from 15 to 4 mac suspensions of these bacteria. To determine the sensitivity, two micro well were made in each incubation condition. In one of the micro well the plant extract and in the other one the positive control 2 i.e. Amikacin and vancomycin were poured, of course with the different densities. After measuring the circle made out of it, the results were studied. They showed that the average of the circle diameters made by scropholoria striate was more than that made by chemical medicines with positive control (p<0.05). Increasing the density of the extract from 50 microlitre to 90 microlitre, the average of the circle diameters increased (p<0.05). The achieved results showed that more number of the bactera in each incubation condition, the less the diameter of staphylococcus aureus circle (p<0.05), but for a genus of Pseudomonas the result was not the same. Conclusion: The final results of the research showed that the plant extract of Scropholaria striata can be used as an alternative remedy of the infections coused by these two microorganisms

Microbiological pattern and antibiotic susceptibility of agents isolated from Nosocomial infections, staff and equipment of surgery section and ICU of imam khomaini hospital, Ilam, Iran

Resistant bacteria in various sections of hospital as a main issue of infection transmission is undeniable. Thereby, to achieve infection disease control on hospital, bacteria recognizing and antibiotic resistance determination is necessary. This study is aimed to determine the pattern of microbial resistant of isolates that isolated from surgery ward and ICU and compare it with osocomial infection isolates. In a descriptive and cross-sectional study, during 6 months sampling was carried out from devices and ersonnel of surgery and ICU ward. In same period Nosocomial infections from surgery and ICU wards were cultured. Bacterial on Standard criteria according to CLSI were diagnosed. Antibiotic susceptibility were done according to Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion .After culturing 130 samples were positive, the most frequency of isolated bacteria in both wards were Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Most frequent bacteria in ICU and Surgery ward involved; Entrobacter (35) and E.coli (25), in a row. In nosocomial infections, frequency of samples that cultured were positive included in; Lesion (45), Sputum(42.5) and Urine(12.5). E.coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU shown high resistance to Amplicillin, Ceftazidime/Cefotaxime , Ceftriaxone, respectively. Whereas bacteria that isolated from Surgery ward shown high resistance to Tetracycline, Amoxicillin- Tetracycline, Ceftriaxone. Regarding to resistance pattern , there is a correlation between resistance of species that isolated from personnel and devices with nasocomial isolates. Therefore, it could be concluded that devices and personnel have main role to disseminate infection. Thereby, the proper disease control policy could be so useful to combat with issue

Development of two Salmonella-based oral vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus

Human respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and other respiratory infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. We have developed two new oral vaccines using Salmonella typhi TY21a to carry and express the immunogenic epitopes of RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins on its surface, separately. To evaluate the efficacy of the designed vaccines, BALB/c mice were orally immunized and then infected with RSV. Immune response analyses showed that cellmediated, mucosal and humoral immunity in the vaccinated mice were significantly enhanced compared to the control group. Both vaccines generated a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response which is crucial for efficiency of vaccines against RSV. Furthermore, histopathological examination proved that these vaccines were safe as they did not cause any Th2-associated adverse effects in the lungs of RSV-infected mice. The findings of this research suggest that Salmonella-F and Salmonella-G vaccine candidates may have strong potential to prevent RSV infection