Dilemma of Vibrant City and Endless Urban Growth, Lessons from Alexandria, Egypt

Urban planners and visionary leaders always have dreams of designing and establishing new vibrant cities or making new history by regenerating old cities. When the city (new or revived) starts to be “vibrant”, it begun to attract more residents to work and live in it. The city will grow and expand as a natural result of that. This continuous urban growth may lead to dangerous environmental impacts. Some cities during growth may consume valuable cultivated lands to provide spaces for accelerated demands of urban development projects. This leads to “Urban desertification”. Moreover, future scenarios of these cities tell us that urban growth will continue and the city will expand consuming valuable resources. In this case, some important questions will arise; do we need this endless urban growth? Can we bear the consequences of this endless urban growth? Do we need to control this growth to keep the city vibrant? Or we just leave the city grow endlessly? This paper will try to address these questions on Alexandria of Egypt. Alexandria was a dream of Alexander III the Great. Alexander ordered that a city be designed and founded in his name at the mouth of river Nile, as trading and military Macedonian outpost, the first of many to come. He never lived to see it built, but Alexandria will become a major economic and cultural center in the Mediterranean world not only during the Macedonian rule in Egypt but centuries after. Alexandria witnessed a continuous urban growth from the beginning of the Mohammed Ali era (1805) up to the present time. In 1905, Alexandria's 370 thousand inhabitants lived in an area of about 4 km2 between the two harbors. Since that time the city has expanded rapidly, eastwards and westwards, beyond its medieval walls. It presently occupies a built-up area of about 300 km2 and has a ten-fold increase in population at 4 millions in 1996, and become 4.7 millions in 2014, with a density of 2,760 per km². The urban physical expansion and change were detected using Landsat satellite images of 1984 and 1993. The images were classified using a tailored classification scheme with accuracy of 93.82% and 95.27% for 1984 and 1993 images respectively. This high accuracy enabled detecting land use/cover changes with high confidence using a post-classification comparison method. One of the most important findings here is the loss of cultivated land in favour of urban expansion. If the current loss rates continued, 75% of green lands would be lost by year 2191. These hazardous rates call for an urban growth management policy that can preserve such valuable resources to achieve sustainable urban development. The starting point of any management programme will be based on the modelling of the future growth. Modelling techniques can help in defining the scenarios of urban growth in the future. In this study, the SLEUTH urban growth model was applied to predict future urban expansion in Alexandria until the year 2055. The application of this model in Alexandria of Egypt with its different environmental characteristics is the first application outside USA and Europe. The results revealed that future urban growth would continue in the edges of the current urban extent, which means the cultivated lands in the east and the southeast of the city will continue to lose more day by day from their area.To deal with such crisis, there is a serious need for a comprehensive urban growth management programme that can be based on the best practices in similar situations

Rancang Bangun Pelipat Pakaian Elektronik Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 16

Rancang Bangun Pelipat Pakaian Elektronik Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega16 merupakah alat pelipat pakaian dirancang untuk digunakan dalam industri laundry yang selama ini masih banyak menggunakan Sumber Daya Manusia. Tujuan proyek ini adalah untuk merealisasikan Rancang Bangun Pelipat Pakaian Elektronik Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega 16 dan mengetahui unjuk kerja alat tersebut. Pelipat Pakaian Elektronik Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 16. Pembuatan Pelipat Pakaian Elektronik Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega 16 mempunyai beberapa metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatannya. Metode eksperimental dengan tahap-tahap yaitu: (1) Identifikasi kebutuhan, (2) Analisis Kebutuhan, (3) Perancangan perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak, (4) Pembuatan alat, (5) Spesifikasi alat, (6) Pengujian Alat. Dalam metode pengujian alat meliputi pengujian rangkaian catu daya, rangkaian sistem minimum mikrokontroler ATmega 16 sebagai rangkaian pengendali, motor servo sebagai penggerak lengan pelipat. Hasil pengujian yang telah dilaksanakan diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa perangkat keras terdiri dari (1) rangkaian catu daya, (2) Sistem minimum ATmega16 sebagai pengendali servo, (3) Output motor servo sebagai motor yang di kendalikan. Perangkat lunak terdiri dari (1) Definisi prosesor, (2) Penyertaan fungsi, (3) Definisi Port, Deklarasi variabel dan (4) Fungsi Utama. Pelipat pakaian elektronik dapat bekerja sesuai dengan prinsip kerja yang dirancang. Unjuk kerja pelipat pakaian elektronik ini dapat melipat pakaian lengan pendek dengan waktu 5 detik dan 8 detik untuk lengan panjang. Pelipat pakaian elektronik ini dapat melipat pakaian rapi mempunyai batasan beban pakaian, yaitu pakaian dari beban 150 gram hingga 500 gram, jika lebih berat dari itu maka alat ini tidak mampu melipat secara baik. kata kunci: Pelipat Pakaian Elektronik, Lengan Pendek, Lengan Panjang, Motor Serv

Probability Models for Health Care Operations with Application to Emergency Medicine

This thesis consists of four contributing chapters; two of which are inspired by practical problems related to emergency department (ED) operations management and the remaining two are motivated by the theoretical problem related to the time-dependent priority queue. Unlike classical priority queue, priorities in the time-dependent priority queue depends on the amount of time an arrival waits for service in addition to the priority class they belong. The mismatch between the demand for ED services and the available resources have direct and indirect negative consequences. Moreover, ED physician pay in some jurisdictions reflects pay-for-performance contracts based on operational benchmarks. To assist in capacity planning and meeting these benchmarks, in chapter 4, I built a forecasting model to produce short-term forecasts of ED arrivals. In chapter 5, I empirically investigated the effect of workload on the productivity of ED services. Specifically, under discretionary work setting, different statistical models were fitted to identify the effect of workload and census on four measures of ED service processes, namely, number discharged, length of stay, service time, and waiting time. The time-dependent priority model was first proposed by Kleinrock (1964), and, more recently, naming it accumulating priority queue (APQ), Stanford et al. (2014) derived the waiting time distributions for the various priority classes when the queue has a single server. In chapter 6, I derived expressions for the waiting time distributions for a multi-server APQ with Poisson arrivals for each class, and a common exponential service time distribution. In chapter 7, I worked with a KPI based service system where there are specific time targets by which each class of customers should commence their service and a compliance probability indicating the proportion of customers from that class meeting the target. Recognizing the fact that customer who misses their KPI target is of greater, not lesser importance, I seek to minimize a weighted sum of the expected amount of excess waiting for each class. When minimizing the total expected excess, our numerical examples lead to an easily-implemented rule of thumb for the optimal priority accumulation rates, which can have an immediate impact on health care delivery

Penyuluhan Membangkitkan Motivasi Anak Putus Sekolah Melalui Film Dokumenter “Pensil Patah” Di Kota Baubau

Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang berjudul "penyuluhan pendidikan karakter pada anak putus sekolah melalui film dokumenter" fraktur pensil "anak didik adalah generasi masa depan kita untuk menciptakan kehidupan yang lebih baik, itu adalah pendidikan yang sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan generasi masa depan. Melalui dedikasi ini Little memberikan pengetahuan yang berguna untuk putus sekolah khususnya untuk masa depan, melalui dedikasi ini masyarakat juga dapat melihat gambar anak jalanan melalui film dokumenter sehingga kita dapat berempati dalam kehidupan mereka, dan melalui kegiatan layanan masyarakat ini siswa dapat menerapkan tugas mereka di masyarakat sebagai "agen sosial". "dan memperoleh pengalaman untuk melibatkan teknologi audio-visual dalam pembelajaran. Keywords: Motivasi, Putus Sekolah, Film Dokumente

The Utilization of Mouse Models to Study Gene Functions: The Role of Foxn3 and Chd2 in Murine Development and Cancer

Murine model organisms are an essential tool in the scientific community quest to decipher the molecular etiology of human diseases. Currently, several methods are used to induce or reproduce human diseases in mouse models using advanced genetic engineering techniques to mutate the wild-type genes. We utilized the Baygenomics gene-trap method to study the effects of two mammalian genes: FOXN3 and CHD2. The Forkhead Box (FOX) family of transcription factors shares a common DNA-binding domain and has been associated with organ development, differentiation, cell growth and proliferation, and cancer. Meanwhile, the CHD (Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein) family of proteins is known to be involved in chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression. Phenotypic analysis of Foxn3 mutant animals revealed its indispensible role in craniofacial and embryonic development, embryonic lethality, expression of bone morphogenetic proteins, and spontaneous development of cancers in heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice. Preliminary evaluation of molecular mechanisms of FOXN3 signifies deregulation of cell-cycle checkpoint proteins Cyclin-B1 and CDK2 as the underlying etiology of tumors. Chd2 mutant mice exhibit spontaneous thymic and splenic lymphomas and reduced lifespan which can be restored through Chd2 re-expression in the thymus. At the molecular level, CHD2 deficiency reduces Puma (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) induction after DNA damage in mouse thymocytes and HCT116 cells. Additionally, CHD2 is enriched at the Puma locus after DNA damage. CHD2-deficient cells also exhibit global reduction of active transcription markers H3K9-Acetylated and H4K8-Acetylated

Biosynthesis of Phenylalanine in Plants

El aminoácido fenilalanina (Phe) desempeña en las plantas terrestres una función esencial, al actuar como precursor tanto de las proteínas como de la síntesis de fenilpropanoides, una amplia familia de metabolitos secundarios que cumplen funciones muy diversas y cuya aparición y diversificación está interrelacionada con la propia evolución de las plantas terrestres. La importancia de la síntesis de Phe es tal que se estima que más del 30% del CO2 fijado por las plantas en la fotosíntesis es finalmente derivado hacia la síntesis de este aminoácido, y de ahí hacia la biosíntesis de fenilpropanoides (Boerjan et ál., 2003), más particularmente ligninas, uno de los componentes fundamentales de las paredes celulares secundarias de las plantas. El objetivo general de esta tesis es obtener un mejor conocimiento la biosíntesis de fenilalanina en las plantas y su regulación en relación a la biosíntesis de metabolitos secundarios

Peran Sekolah dalam Upaya Pelestarian Greend Child Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup

Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian di wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara yang bersandar pada urgensinya ekoliterasi untuk anak usia sekolah dasar. Usaha yang perlu dibuat oleh Dinas Pendidikan Kota Baubau dalam upaya meningkatkan pemahaman ekoliterasi yaitu melalui program Green Child. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran program Green Child dalam mengedukasi masyarakat untuk menjaga lingkungan di wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara. Metode survei adalah cara yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan mengambil sampel dari 13 Sekolah Dasar di Suawesi Tenggara. Analisis yang digunakan dalam mengolah data yaitu analisis deskriptif terhadap empat komponen observasi. Penelitian menunjukkan ada dua sekolah yang telah melaksanakan program Green Child dari empat belas sekolah. Semakin baik sekolah menerapkan keempat komponen Green Child, maka semakin baik pula peserta didik menyadari pentingnya mencintai lingkunga