Planeamiento estratégico del acceso al conocimiento básico como pilares del índice del progreso social regional

El presente documento tiene como propósito presentar el Planeamiento Estratégico para el Acceso a los Conocimiento Básicos en el Perú del 2016 al 2027, elaborado siguiendo el Modelo Secuencial del Proceso Estratégico propuesto por D’Alessio (2015). Se toma como base el estudio Índice de Progreso Social Regional Perú 2016 publicado por CENTRUM Católica Graduate Business School de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú y el Social Progress Imperative, el cual plasma la realidad del Perú y sus regiones en seis indicadores clave que son: (a) la tasa de analfabetismo, (b) la tasa de matrícula en primaria, (c) la tasa de matrícula en secundaria, (d) el logro en la Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes en Lenguaje, (e) el logro en la Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes en Matemáticas y (f) la brecha de género en matrícula secundaria. Cada una de las seis variables es tomada para formular los objetivos de largo plazo que deben ser alcanzados al 2027 y los objetivos de corto plazo que medirán el progreso en cada una de las regiones. Las estrategias propuestas para lograr los objetivos se enfocan, por un lado, en incrementar la cobertura de la educación a nivel nacional y por otro, en mejorar la calidad de los servicios educativos que brinda el Estado. Este segundo grupo de estrategias propuestas, son las que mayor impacto tendrán en mejorar el acceso a los conocimientos básicos ya que, los indicadores de logros académicos son los que requieren un mayor impulso en todas las regiones. Para la formulación de estas estrategias se tomó como base el estudio McKinsey de 2007 titulado Cómo hicieron los sistemas educativos con mejor desempeño del mundo para alcanzar sus objetivos, el cual detalla las estrategias que utilizaron países referentes en educación como son Finlandia, Singapur y Gran Bretaña, entre otros. Finalmente se propone un plan de monitoreo y perspectivas de control que ayudarán a evaluar los resultados de las estrategias propuestas. Las implementaciones de las estrategias propuestas, complementada con estrategias en las otras dimensiones del Índice de Progreso Social Regional, permitirán cambiar el mapa de progreso en el Perú y su posición globalThe purpose of this document is to present the Strategic Planning for Access to Basic Knowledge in Peru from 2016 to 2027, prepared following the Sequential Model of the Strategic Process proposed by D'Alessio (2015). The study is based on the 2016 Index of Regional Social Progress Peru published by CENTRUM-Católica Graduate Business School of the Pontificia Universidad Católica of Peru and the Social Progress Imperative, which reflects the reality of Peru and its regions in six key indicators that are: (a) the rate of illiteracy, (b) the rate of enrollment in primary school, (c) the rate of enrollment in secondary school, (d) the achievement in the Evaluation Census of Students in Language, (e) the achievement in the Evaluation Census of Students in Mathematics and (f) the gender gap in secondary enrollment. Each of these six variables is taken to formulate the long-term objectives that must be achieved by 2027 and the short-term objectives that will measure progress in each of the regions. The strategies proposed to achieve the objectives focus, on the one hand, on increasing the coverage of education at the national level and on the other, on improving the quality of educational services provided by the State. This second group of proposed strategies will have the greatest impact on improving access to basic knowledge, since indicators of academic achievement are those that require the greatest boost in all regions. The formulation of these strategies was based on the McKinsey report of 2007 entitled How the World's Best-Performing School Systems Come Out On Top, which details the strategies used by countries in education such as Finland, Singapore and Great Britain, among others. Finally, a monitoring plan and control perspectives are suggested so that they help evaluate the results of the proposed strategies. The implementation of the proposed strategies, complemented with strategies in the other dimensions of the Regional Social Progress Index, will allow changing the map of progress in Peru and its global positionTesi

Crustacean zooplankton release copious amounts of dissolved organic matter as taurine in the ocean

Original research paperTaurine (Tau), an amino acid-like compound, is present in almost all marine metazoans including crustacean zooplankton. It plays an important physiological role in these organisms and is released into the ambient water throughout their life cycle. However, limited information is available on the release rates by marine organisms, the concentrations and turnover of Tau in the ocean. We determined dissolved free Tau concentrations throughout the water column and its release by abundant crustacean mesozooplankton at two open ocean sites (Gulf of Alaska and North Atlantic). At both locations, the concentrations of dissolved free Tau were in the low nM range (up to 15.7 nM) in epipelagic waters, declining sharply in the mesopelagic to about 0.2 nM and remaining fairly stable throughout the bathypelagic waters. Pacific amphipod–copepod assemblages exhibited lower dissolved free Tau release rates per unit biomass (0.8 ± 0.4 μmol g−1 C-biomass h−1) than Atlantic copepods (ranging between 1.3 ± 0.4 μmol g−1 C-biomass h−1 and 9.5 ± 2.1 μmol g−1 C-biomass h−1), in agreement with the well-documented inverse relationship between biomass-normalized excretion rates and body size. Our results indicate that crustacean zooplankton might contribute significantly to the dissolved organic matter flux in marine ecosystems via dissolved free Tau release. Based on the release rates and assuming steady state dissolved free Tau concentrations, turnover times of dissolved free Tau range from 0.05 d to 2.3 d in the upper water column and are therefore similar to those of dissolved free amino acids. This rapid turnover indicates that dissolved free Tau is efficiently consumed in oceanic waters, most likely by heterotrophic bacteria.Austrian Science Fund, MINECO, Xunta de Galicia, US National Science FundVersión del editor3,38

Introduction to biological chemestry

xxiii, 310 hlm.: ill.; 24 cm

Foreign direct investment and authoritarian regimes : an empirical analysis

textRecent work on foreign direct investment has emphasized the weight of political factors in explaining variation across countries. While the aspects of democracies that make them more or less favorable to FDI have been studied and identified, we know less about what differentiates investment levels among authoritarian regimes. In this paper, I seek to unpack variation in FDI flows among such regimes by distinguishing different types of autocracies. I argue that regimes convey different signals regarding political risk to potential foreign investors via both institutional attributes and forms of exercising authority. Specifically, I expect regimes ruled by a collective body, such as military and single-party regimes, to be less volatile and more predictable in their decision-making due to the presence of several actors with veto power. In addition, I also expect regimes with predictable succession rules to transmit lower levels of risk to foreign investors due to the smaller probability of a destabilizing process of leadership turnover. I test these expectations using a time-series cross-sectional data set containing economic, political, and social information from 104 countries over the period 1980-2010, and find support for the veto hypothesis but not for the leadership succession one.Governmen

The geography of free trade : explaining variation in trade policy in Latin America

The backlash against globalization spread across several Latin American countries in the 2000s, yet a few countries such as Peru doubled down on their bets on free trade by signing bilateral agreements with the US and the EU. Why do anti-trade forces in developing countries sometimes fail to effectively exert pressure on their governments? This study uses evidence from three Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru) to suggest that geography can play a significant role in shaping trade preferences and undermining the formation and clout of distributional coalitions that seek protectionism. Because trade liberalization can have uneven distributional impacts along regional lines, trade liberalization losers can find themselves in unfavorable conditions to associate and engage in collective action. Under these circumstances, few coalitions emerge to battle for protection in the policy arena, and when they do, geographic distance from decision-makers in the capital city can be a significant barrier to realizing their interests. As a result, even where a majority of the population living in regions that have not benefitted from trade elect a leftist president, trade reform reversal will not occur unless protectionist interests are close to the capital city. The cases of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru in the 2000s highlight the powerful influence geography can have on reversing trade policy or preserving the status quo