Els milacres de San Vicente Ferrer, patrimonio cultural inmaterial valenciano

La festividad de los altares de San Vicente Ferrer es una de las celebraciones más tradicionales y de mayor arraigo de la ciudad de Valencia. Su origen se remonta a mediados del siglo XV, poco después de la muerte de San Vicente (1350-1419), figura imprescindible en el plano religioso, político y social de la baja Edad Media. Con el paso de los siglos esta celebración se ha ido modificando, especialmente tras la introducción de representaciones dramatizadas de los milagros realizados por el santo, que son interpretadas por niños y en lengua valenciana. La popularización de estas dramatizaciones ha facilitado la aparición de numerosos altares por toda la ciudad de Valencia y alrededores, llegando a convertirse esta fiesta en un importante capítulo del patrimonio cultural inmaterial valenciano. En el presente artículo estudiaremos la evolución de esta expresión cultural centrándonos en su valor como patrimonio intangible.Zanón Alcaide, V.; Aura Castro, E. (2015). Els milacres de San Vicente Ferrer, patrimonio cultural inmaterial valenciano. Arché. (10):127-136. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/852061271361

RESTORATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL GLASS: RECONSTRUCTION OF GAP AREAS USING 3D MODELLING AND PRINTING TECHNIQUES

[EN] This paper aims the development of the restoration of archaeological glass vessels through 3D modelling and printing techniques of gap areas to aesthetic or reinforcement reasons. Usual reconstruction of gap areas in archaeological glass involves a handmade process that is notoriously complicated and requires a lot of time and patience, also it is common that glass is exposed to a high risk of deterioration due to its fragile and delicate condition. To deal with this problem, in which the risk of damage intensifies when the restoration is undertaken, a non-invasive method to recuperate its losses by 3D virtual modelling and printing techniques is presented. Application of this method avoids manipulation of archaeological objects during reconstruction of its gap areas and also it is an alternative treatment that it is advantageous in this sense.[ES] En este artículo se presenta el desarrollo de la restauración de recipientes de vidrio arqueológico mediante la técnica de modelado e impresión en 3D de sus zonas faltantes con el objetivo de recuperar su estética o reforzarlo. La reconstrucción de faltantes de vidrio arqueológico habitualmente implica un proceso manual caracterizado por ser una tarea laboriosa y difícil donde frecuentemente el vidrio queda expuesto a un gran riesgo de deterioro por su fragilidad intrínseca y su delicado estado de conservación. Ante esta problemática, en la que el riesgo de deterioro se intensifica cuando se acomete la restauración directa, se propone un método de restauración no invasivo para recuperar las áreas faltantes en vidrio arqueológico mediante modelado virtual e impresión 3D de las mismas. Con la aplicación de este método se ha conseguido evitar la manipulación de los objetos arqueológicos durante la fase de reconstrucción volumétrica permitiendo un tratamiento alternativo que resulta ventajoso en este sentido.Díaz Marín, MDC.; Aura Castro, E. (2016). RESTAURACIÓN DE VIDRIO ARQUEOLÓGICO: RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE FRAGMENTOS FALTANTES MEDIANTE MODELADO E IMPRESIÓN 3D. En 8th International congress on archaeology, computer graphics, cultural heritage and innovation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 330-332. https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3552OCS33033

Characterization of 3d printing filaments applied in restoration of sensitive archaeological objects using rapid prototyping

[EN] Purpose The purpose of this paper is to characterize three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments commonly used in fused deposition modeling (FDM) to determine their viability for restoration and conservation treatments. Design/methodology/approach Eight current filaments for FDM from six polymeric materials have been characterized to determine their suitability for restoration and conservation treatments. For testing these filaments, specimens are printed with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; polylactic acid; polylactic acid with CaCO3 (E.P.); polyethylene terephthalate glycol; polypropylene; and high-impact polystyrene. Suitability of a filament was verified using the Oddy test by detecting the action of volatile pollutants released from the filaments. The morphological and color changes were observed after allowing them to degrade under the exposure of UV radiation. The samples were then analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique was applied to complete the characterization of the printed filaments. Findings Materials investigated are suitable for restoration purposes ensuring long-term stability. Rapid prototyping using FDM is appropriate for restoring sensitive archaeological objects allowing reconstruction of parts and decreasing risk while manipulating delicate artifacts. Originality/value Rapid prototyping using FDM was chosen for the restoration of a fragile and sensitive archaeological glass bowl from Manises Ceramic Museum.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the context of the research project "Desarrollo de un Sistema Integrado de Restauracion, Recomposicion, Restitucion y Representacion de Fragmentos Arqueologicos": HAR2015-69408-R (MINECO-FEDER).Aura-Castro, E.; Díaz-Marín, C.; Mas-Barberà, X.; Sánchez López, M.; Vendrell Vidal, E. (2021). Characterization of 3d printing filaments applied in restoration of sensitive archaeological objects using rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 27(4):645-657. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2019-0153S64565727

Modelado automatizado de embalajes para vidrio arqueológico y su fabricación mediante fresado de espumas rígidas

En este trabajo se aborda la problemática existente en el transporte y almacenamiento de piezas de vidrio arqueológico. El principal objetivo es realizar embalajes adaptados mediante la utilización de técnicas de escaneado 3D e impresión 3D. Habitualmente los embalajes de estas piezas suelen realizarse de manera artesanal confeccionando cajas o soportes a medida que se adaptan a las necesidades y particularidades de cada caso por lo que implican un gran consumo de tiempo. Ateniendo a las circunstancias físicas del vidrio arqueológico que deriban en una mínima manipulación, se ha buscado automatizar el proceso. Para ello se han registrado las piezas seleccionadas, utilizando un escáner láser de triangulación v-910 Kónica Minolta, obteniendo los modelos 3D de cada pieza, y a partir de ellos generar el negativo de la forma de la pieza. Posteriormente son enviados a una máquina de corte o de fresado para obtener el modelo real. Para ello se ha requerido de un software con el que diseñar la cavidad adaptada y generar un código de control para la fresadora CNC. Siguiendo este proceso se ha conseguido la adaptación perfecta del volumen del embalaje, dando la posibilidad de rectificar el diseño y consiguiendo mayor calidad y precisión en la ejecución al mecanizarse las diferentes fases. La realización de los embalajes artesanales está caracterizada por su gran consumo de tiempo y su alto porcentaje de error, al contrario que este nuevo proceso que reduce significativamente el tiempo de realización y ofrece una solución adapatada a cada objeto.Díaz Marín, MDC.; Aura Castro, E.; Sánchez Belenguer, C.; Vendrell Vidal, E.; Sánchez López, M. (2015). Modelado automatizado de embalajes para vidrio arqueológico y su fabricación mediante fresado de espumas rígidas. Arché. (10):119-126. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/852051191261

Cyclododecane as opcifier for digitalization of archaeological glass

[EN] This paper faces the problem of acquiring archaeological artifacts using triangulation based 3D laser scanners and focusing on reflective/refractive surfaces. This kind of artifacts are mostly made of glass or polished metal, and the properties of their surfaces violate most of the fundamental assumptions made by vision algorithms. Also, the unique and fragile nature of archaeological artifacts adds an extra constraint to the acquisition process: the use of industrial whitening sprays has to be avoided, due to the physicochemical processes required to clean the surface after scanning and because the chemical properties of these sprays may damage the original object. As an alternative to them, a new way to use a common conservation material is proposed: the use of cyclododecane as a whitening spray. Thanks to its chemical stability and to the fact that it sublimes at room temperature, together with its good filmforming capabilities, a set of evaluation tests is presented to prove thatthe error introduced by the opaque thin layer created on the surface of the artifact is smaller than the accuracy of the 3D scanner and, thus, no acquisition errors are introduced. A comparison with general-purpose industrial whitening sprays is also presented, and achieved results show no significant differences in the quality of the resulting 3D models.This work is supported by the "Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID)" of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and the "Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011" from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain, Projects ID: HAR2012-38391-C02-01 and HAR2012-38391-C02-02.Díaz Marín, MDC.; Aura Castro, E.; Sánchez Belenguer, C.; Vendrell Vidal, E. (2016). Cyclododecane as opcifier for digitalization of archaeological glass. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 17:131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.06.003S1311401

Study of behaviour on simulated daylight ageing of artists¿ acrylic and poly(vinyl acetate) paint films

[EN] This work proposes a multi-method approach that combines advanced microscopy (SEM/EDX, AFM) and spectroscopy (UV-vis and FTIR) techniques. This approach not only characterises the behaviour of the additives of two commercial poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and acrylic emulsion paints but also simultaneously characterises the changes in chemical composition and morphology observed in the paint films as a result of ageing due to the paints being exposed to an intense source of simulated daylight. In parallel, a series of mechanical tests were performed that correlate the chemical changes in composition and the changes observed in the films' mechanical properties. This work was a comparative study between both types of acrylic and PVAc paints. The results obtained are of great interest for the modern paint conservation field as they provide valuable information on the mid- and long-term behaviours of these synthetic paints.Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Spanish "I+D+I MICINN" project CTQ2008-06727-C03-01/BQU supported by ERDEF funds and from the "Generalitat Valenciana" I+D project ACOMP/2009/171 and the AP2006-3223 project ascribed to the Predoctoral Stages Programme of Universitary Researchers in Spanish Universities and Research Centres from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). The authors wish to thank Mr. Manuel Planes i Insausti and Dr. Jose Luis Moya Lopez, the technical supervisors responsible for the Electron Microscopy Service at the Polytechnic University of Valencia.Domenech Carbo, MT.; Silva, MF.; Aura Castro, E.; Fuster López, L.; Kröner ., SU.; Martínez Bazán, ML.; Mas Barberà, X.... (2011). Study of behaviour on simulated daylight ageing of artists¿ acrylic and poly(vinyl acetate) paint films. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 399:2921-2937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4294-3S2921293739

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Eliminación de la suciedad del esmalte blanco alterado de las cerámicas excavadas usando la alternativa de la limpieza por láser

The laser technique has been applied to the cleaning process of glazed decorated ceramics from excavation sites. The use of this method arises as the only possible alternative in the process of cleaning pieces with crusts of dirt that are extremely hard and strongly stuck over altered and friable white glaze layers. The study carried out has allowed to fix the optimal laser parameters in the elimination of the dark dirty layer found on several fragments from different periods. The study has been developed with MO and MEB/EDX. The results obtained enabled the optimisation of the laser method that includes different procedures according to the nature of the dirt. In the same way, we have been able to identify the manufacturing technique, the compositions of the vitreous covers, the nature of the crust of dirt and the conservation state of the analysed pieces.La técnica del láser se ha aplicado en el proceso de limpieza de cerámica vidriada y decorada procedente de excavaciones. El uso de este método se presenta como la única alternativa posible en el proceso de limpieza de piezas con capas de suciedad de gran dureza y fuertemente adheridas. El estudio realizado ha permitido fijar los parámetros óptimos del láser en la eliminación de la costra de suciedad sobre varios fragmentos de diversos períodos. La investigación se ha desarrollado con MO y MEB/EDX. Los resultados obtenidos permiten la optimización del método del láser que incluye diversos procedimientos según la naturaleza de la suciedad. Del mismo modo, se ha podido identificar la técnica de fabricación, las composiciones de las cubiertas vítreas, la naturaleza de la costra de suciedad y el estado de conservación de las piezas analizadas.Aura Castro, E.; Saiz Mauleón, MB.; Domenech Carbo, MT. (2006). Elimination of the dirty crust of white alterated glaze from excavated ceramics using the laser cleaning alternative. Arché. (1):129-132. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/32436129132

Estudios de alteraciones y caracterización de los socarrats valencianos

The need for a conservation-restoration intervention on a series of socarrats originating from archaeological excavations in Manises (Valencia) and the lack of studies about them have motivated research into the materials and technologies used for their production. The lack of research work into the study of Valencian socarrats presently outlines certain discussion about its technique. However, its ornamental technique would be better linked with wall paintings than with ceramic ones, thus endowing these pieces exceptional singularity and difficulty for their intervention. Sixteen socarrats stored in the Municipal Ceramics Museum in Manises have been characterised by a series of analytical techniques: OM, SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, VMP (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, voltamperometry of microparticles). A fired ceramic body constitutes the support of a carbonated slaked lime layer, painted with hematite red and carbon black pigments. As a result of contamination during the burial period, to some extent calcite had converted into gypsum; pigments show a severe loss of cohesion and adhesion to the lime layer. Potential treatments to remove surface dirt must be performed after taking the situation into account. No relevant contamination of soluble salts was detected. This study was undertaken by analysing chromatic changes in a series of replicas submitted to artificial ageing.La necesidad de desarrollar un procedimiento metodológico de restauración sobre un conjunto de socarrats procedentes de colecciones privadas y excavaciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en Manises, junto con la escasez de estudios relacionados con este tema, han determinado llevar a cabo una investigación sobre sus materiales y tecnología de producción. Los socarrats son piezas cerámicas poco estudiadas y sobre las que existe gran controversia a la hora de definir su técnica, parece ser que su método decorativo estaría más vinculado con el de la pintura mural que con el cerámico propiamente dicho siendo por ello, cerámicas de singularidad excepcional y que plantean gran dificultad a la hora de ser intervenidas. La investigación se ha llevado a cabo sobre dieciséis socarrats valencianos procedentes del Museo Municipal de Cerámica de Manises mediante diversas técnicas analíticas: microscopia óptica, microscopia electrónica de barrido y microanálisis por dispersión de energías de rayos X, espectrometría de infrarrojo por transformada de Fourier y voltamperometría de micropartículas. El cuerpo cerámico constituye el soporte de la capa blanca de cal carbonatada sobre la que se aplicó la decoración a base de óxidos de hierro y negro carbón. El deterioro de la policromía es muy notable con pérdida de cohesión y adhesión de los pigmentos. Además, y como consecuencia de los factores ambientales, se ha detectado la conversión de calcita en yeso. El contenido en sales solubles que se ha hallado es bajo y sus tratamientos de remoción junto con los de la suciedad superficial deben de tener en cuenta este dato. El estudio se completó analizando el cambio cromático experimentado en una serie de probetas reproducidas con la técnica de los originales socarrats tras ser sometidas a procesos de envejecimiento artificial.Pinho, L.; Aura Castro, E.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Domenech Carbo, A. (2008). Characterization and alteration studies of valencian socarrats. Arché. (3):197-204. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/31846197204

Evaluación de los cambios morfológicos de resinas acrílicas, cetónicas y de hidrocarburo envejecidas usadas en arte contemporáneo

The present work is focused on the study of morphological changes taking place during the ageing of synthetic resins commonly used in contemporary art (paintings, sculpture, ethnographic objects, etc.) by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, as a novelty, atomic force microscopy. The determination of changes in gloss has also been taken into account. For this purpose, the proposed instrumental techniques have been applied on a series of synthetic resin-based varnishes. Preparation procedures have been developed in order to obtain relevant information on the changes in morphology produced during both the ageing process and exposure to a SO2 saturated atmosphere. Notable changes in the visual appearance of ketone resins, in particular loss of gloss and translucent appearance, are observed which contrasts with the better behaviour exhibited by acrylic resins after ageing, other than a slight yellowing.Este artículo se centra en el estudio de los cambios morfológicos que tiene lugar durante el envejecimiento de resinas sintéticas comúnmente usadas en arte contemporáneo (pinturas, escultura, objetos etnográficos, etc.) por medio de la microscopía óptica, de la microscopía electrónica de barrido y, como novedad, mediante microscopía de fuerza atómica. También se han tenido en cuenta cambios en el brillo. Para este propósito, las técnicas instrumentales propuestas se han aplicado en una serie de muestras de barnices de resinas sintéticas. Se han desarrollado procedimientos de preparación con el propósito de obtener información relevante sobre los cambios en la morfología producidos durante el proceso de envejecimiento y la exposición a una atmósfera saturada de SO2. Se observan cambios notables en la apariencia visual de las resinas cetónicas, en particular, la pérdida de brillo y el aspecto translúcido, que contrasta con un mejor comportamiento mostrado por las resinas acrílicas después de envejecer, si bien éstas amarillean levemente.Domenech Carbo, MT.; Mas Barberà, X.; Aura Castro, E.; Martínez Bazán, ML. (2006). Evaluation of morphological changes of aged acrylic, ketone and hydrocarbon resins used in contemporary artworks. Arché. (1):163-166. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/32531163166