Efficiency of sampling methods to monitor the bacterial contamination of pork carcasses before and after chilling

The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of destructive (excision) and non-destructive (swabbing and sponging) sampling methods to enumerate aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae and to detect Salmonella on the surface of pork carcasses. In three slaughterhouses, a total of 720 half-carcasses were sampled before and after chilling. On each half-carcass, four sites were sampled by both destructive and non-destructive techniques, for a respective total surface of 25 and 400 cm2

Comparative genetic analysis: the utility of mouse genetic systems for studying human monogenic disease

One of the long-term goals of mutagenesis programs in the mouse has been to generate mutant lines to facilitate the functional study of every mammalian gene. With a combination of complementary genetic approaches and advances in technology, this aim is slowly becoming a reality. One of the most important features of this strategy is the ability to identify and compare a number of mutations in the same gene, an allelic series. With the advent of gene-driven screening of mutant archives, the search for a specific series of interest is now a practical option. This review focuses on the analysis of multiple mutations from chemical mutagenesis projects in a wide variety of genes and the valuable functional information that has been obtained from these studies. Although gene knockouts and transgenics will continue to be an important resource to ascertain gene function, with a significant proportion of human diseases caused by point mutations, identifying an allelic series is becoming an equally efficient route to generating clinically relevant and functionally important mouse models

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Efficiency of sampling methods to monitor the bacterial contamination of pork carcasses before and after chilling

The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of destructive (excision) and non-destructive (swabbing and sponging) sampling methods to enumerate aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae and to detect Salmonella on the surface of pork carcasses. In three slaughterhouses, a total of 720 half-carcasses were sampled before and after chilling. On each half-carcass, four sites were sampled by both destructive and non-destructive techniques, for a respective total surface of 25 and 400 cm2.</p

Proposition pour une politique de consolidation de la dimension recherche dans le système national d'innovation en agronomie et développement rural (Haïti)

Rapport en libre accès, disponible en ligne : http://agritrop.cirad.fr/572502/Rapport

AVIS du 16 décembre 2016 révisé le 14 mars 2017 de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif à la contamination de produits de charcuterie crue par Trichinella spp.

Cet avis annule et remplace l’avis du 16 décembre 2016. La recommandation relative à l’étiquetage p 27 « cuire suffisamment les charcuteries à base de foie de porc destinées à être consommées cuites » est modifiée comme suit : « De façon plus générale, les experts recommandent un étiquetage mentionnant : « cuire à cœur » pour les produits à base de porc destinés à être consommés cuits.Citation suggérée : Anses. (2017). Avis du 16 décembre 2016 révisé le 14 mars 2017 de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif à la contamination de produits de charcuterie crue par Trichinella spp. (saisine n°2016-SA-0040). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 34 p. Saisines liées n°2007-SA-0025 et 2010-SA-0231Un épisode de toxi-infection alimentaire collective (TIAC) dû à Trichinella lié à la consommation de charcuterie crue de viande de porc (figatelles) est survenu en avril 2015. Cette toxi-infection a 27 entraîné trois cas confirmés pour 17 personnes exposées. Les analyses réalisées sur les figatelles par le laboratoire national de référence (LNR, Anses, Maisons-Alfort) ont permis d’identifier la présence de Trichinella britovi. Les figatelles ont été retirées de la chaîne alimentaire et l’élevage des porcs incriminés dans leur fabrication a fait l’objet d’un arrêté préfectoral de mise sous surveillance (APMS) en avril 2015. Le(s) porc(s) ayant été à l’origine de la TIAC avai(en)t été abattu(s) clandestinement. Par la suite, les analyses conduites au laboratoire vétérinaire départemental d'Ajaccio (LVD 2A), dans les conditions du diagnostic réglementaire, ont permis d'identifier deux porcs positifs avec présence de deux larves de Trichinella dans des échantillons de diaphragme de masse ≥ 5 g. Ces porcs provenaient de l’élevage placé sous APMS. Les analyses du laboratoire vétérinaire départemental ont été confirmées par le LNR avec l'identification de l'espèce Trichinella britovi. Les résultats des analyses montrent que les charges parasitaires sont très faibles puisqu'elles sont inférieures à une larve/gramme (LPG). La détection d’une charge parasitaire d’une LPG avec le test de digestion artificielle réglementaire nécessite l’analyse d’au moins trois à cinq grammes de muscle (Forbes et Gajadhar 1999), cela constitue la limite de détection du test officiel. Cette charge d’une LPG correspond également à la limite en-dessous de laquelle il a été jusqu’ici considéré que l'individu qui ingère de la viande contaminée n’exprimera pas de trichinellose symptomatique (OIE 2012). La réglementation communautaire relative aux contrôles officiels et aux protocoles analytiques concernant la présence de Trichinella dans les viandes a été révisée en août 2015 (règlement d’exécution (UE) 2015/1375 de la Commission du 10 août 2015). Les questions instruites dans l’avis sont les suivantes : 1. Actualisation des connaissances relatives à la contamination des porcs par Trichinella et au risque pour le consommateur, par rapport aux avis de l’Afssa de 2007 (Afssa 2007a, b, c, d, e) et à la fiche de danger biologique transmissible par les aliments de 2011. Cette actualisation portera en particulier sur les nouvelles connaissances acquises relatives à la relation dose-réponse chez l’Homme. 2. Analyse de la probabilité de détection de Trichinella dans la viande de porc. 3. Evaluation de l’adéquation entre le système de surveillance actuel et le risque sanitaire pour le consommateur. Le périmètre de l’expertise est limité aux élevages corses de porcs en plein air