15 research outputs found

    Transcriptional regulation of haematopoiesis by GATA and FOG factors in Drosophila

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    La Drosophile produit des cellules sanguines aussi appelées hémocytes qui se rapprochent fonctionnellement des cellules de la lignée myéloïde des vertébrés. On en dénombre trois sortes : les plasmatocytes qui sont apparentées aux macrophages des vertébrés, les cellules à cristaux, qui participent à la coagulation, et les lamellocytes qui ne sont produits que suite à certains challenges immuns et qui participent à l'encapsulation de corps trop gros pour être phagocytés. Le choix de destin, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules hématopoïétiques sont contrôlés par plusieurs familles de facteurs de transcription conservés de la Drosophile à l'Homme. En particulier, le gène serpent (srp), codant pour un facteur de transcription de type GATA, joue un rôle majeur à différentes étapes du développement des cellules sanguines embryonnaires et larvaires de la Drosophile. En effet, srp est non seulement requis pour la spécification et le maintien des progéniteurs sanguins (prohémocytes) mais il participe aussi à la différenciation des trois lignages hématopoïétiques. Cette diversité de fonction de Srp est notamment assurée par l'interaction avec d'autres partenaires dont le cofacteur de type FOG (Friend of GATA) U-shaped (Ush) qui participe au contrôle de la différenciation des plasmatocytes et des lamellocytes. Enfin un second facteur de transcription de type GATA, Pannier (Pnr), est quant à lui nécessaire à la différenciation et à la maturation des plasmatocytes. L'objectif de ma thèse est de mieux comprendre la fonction et le mode d'action de ces facteurs GATA et FOG dans le contrôle du développement des cellules sanguines larvaires, et en particulier des lamellocytes. Dans un premier temps, une analyse génétique m'a permis d'identifier des rôles spécifiques pour les deux complexes GATA/FOG, Srp/Ush et Pnr/Ush, dans le processus de formation des hémocytes larvaires circulants. Ainsi, mes résultats suggèrent que : 1) le complexe Srp/Ush réprime la prolifération et la différenciation des hémocytes circulants ; 2) Srp participe à la maturation des lamellocytes ; 3) le complexe Pnr/Ush contrôle le maintien de l'identité des plasmatocytes par répression de leur transdifférentiation en lamellocytes ; 4) le complexe Srp/Ush réprime l'expression de pnr, qui est nécessaire à la maturation des plasmatocytes. Il apparait donc que la combinatoire des trois facteurs Srp, Pnr et Ush régule différentes étapes du développement des cellules sanguines larvaires. Dans un second temps, j'ai cherché à mettre à jour les réseaux géniques contrôlés par ces facteurs. Pour cela, j'ai utilisé une lignée de cellules sanguines d'origine larvaire sur laquelle j'ai réalisé des expériences d'immunoprécipitation de chromatine (ChIP-Seq) contre Srp, Pnr et Ush ainsi que des analyses transcriptomiques (RNA-Seq) en condition normale ou de perte de fonction de ush. Mes analyses montrent notamment que Ush participe à l'activation de l'expression de marqueurs des plasmatocytes comme les gènes codant pour les composants de la matrice extracellulaire et à la répression de l'expression de marqueurs des lamellocytes comme les gènes codant pour les récepteurs de la matrice extracellulaire. Ces analyses montrent aussi que Ush régule l'expression de composants de différentes voies de signalisation impliquées dans la formation des lamellocytes tels que shaggy (voie Wnt), wts (voie Hippo) et pi3k21B (voie mTor). Le cofacteur Ush, au travers de ses interactions avec Srp et Pnr, apparait donc comme un acteur central dans la régulation du destin des plasmatocytes et des lamellocytes au cours de l'hématopoïèse chez la Drosophile. L'ensemble de ces résultats apportent une meilleure compréhension des réseaux géniques mis en œuvre lors de la formation des cellules sanguines et notamment du rôle joué par les facteurs GATA et du cofacteur FOG au cours du processus hématopoïétique.Drosophila produces blood cells or hemocytes, which are related to the myeloid lineage of vertebrates. There are three kinds of hemocytes: plasmatocytes are phagocytic cells akin to vertebrate macrophages; crystal cells are involved in the clotting process and lamellocytes are produced after immune challenges like wasp infestation in order to encapsulate objects too large to be phagocytized. Different families of transcription factor conserved from Drosophila to Human finely regulate blood cell fate, proliferation and differentiation. For instance, the GATA transcription factor Serpent (Srp), which plays a key role at different steps of embryonic and larval blood cell development in Drosophila. Indeed, srp is not only required for the specification and maintenance of blood cell progenitors (prohemocytes) but it is also involved in the differentiation of the three hemocyte lineages. This functional diversity is ensured in particular by the interaction with other partners such as the Friend of GATA (FOG) co-factor U-shaped (Ush), which is involved in the control of plasmatocytes differentiation into lamellocytes. Moreover, a second GATA factor, Pannier (Pnr) is necessary to plasmatocytes differentiation and maturation. The purpose of my work is to provide a better understanding of the function and mode of action of these two GATA proteins and of their FOG co-factor during Drosophila blood cell development and in particular for lamellocyte production. At first, a genetic analysis allowed us to identify specific role for each GATA / FOG complex in circulating larval hemocytes. Notably my results suggest that 1) the Srp / Ush complex represses hemocytes proliferation and differentiation; 2) Srp alone participates to lamellocytes maturation; 3) the Pnr / Ush complex maintains plasmatocytes identity by repressing their differentiation into lamellocytes; 4) the Srp / Ush complex represses Pnr expression, which is necessary for plasmatocytes maturation. These data indicate that the combinatorial interplay between Srp, Pnr and Ush participates in the fine-tuning of larval blood cell development. Second, I tried to decipher the gene networks regulated by these three factors. To do so, I used an ex vivo cellular model of larval hemocytes to identify Srp, Pnr and Ush direct target genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-Seq) experiments as well as Ush-regulated genes by transcriptomic analyses (RNAseq). My results revealed that Ush participates in the activation of plasmatocytes markers such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components whereas it represses the expression of lamellocytes markers such as ECM receptor. In addition, these analyses allowed us to identify components of different signalling pathway involved in lamellocytes formation that are directly regulated by Ush, including shaggy (Wnt pathway), wts (Hippo pathway) and pi3k21B (mTor pathway). Therefore, it appears that Ush, thanks to its interaction with Srp or Pnr, plays a central role in the regulation of plasmatocyte and lamellocyte fate. All together, these results shed new light on the genetic network involved in blood cell formation and on the role of the GATA / FOG complexes during haematopoiesis

    La détermination neurale dans l’embryon de Xenopus laevis : Contrôle de l’expression des gènes neuraux précoces par le calcium

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    Au cours de la gastrulation, la détermination des cellules de l’ectoderme dorsal dans la voie neurale fait intervenir des signaux dorsaux tels que noggin, chordin, follistatin, xnr3 et cerberus sécrétés par l’Organisateur de Spemann, ainsi que des signaux ventraux appartenant à la famille des facteurs de croissance de type BMP. Les molécules sécrétées dorsalement par l’Organisateur de Spemann agiraient en anti-ligand de molécules exprimées par la partie ventrale. L’induction neurale serait ainsi un phénomène par défaut. Nos résultats permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle d’induction neurale impliquant l’activation d’une cascade de signalisation dépendante du calcium due à un influx via des canaux calciques de type L, situés sur la membrane plasmique des cellules de l’ectoderme. Ce modèle fait intervenir non pas un mécanisme permissif mais, comme pour l’induction épidermique, un mécanisme instructif. Nous pensons que lors de la détermination neurale, des cascades de transduction dépendantes du calcium participeraient à la fois à l’inhibition de la signalisation BMP et à l’activation de gènes spécifiques neuraux. Une calcineurine (phosphatase dépendante du calcium) pourrait favoriser la détermination neurale en inhibant la phosphorylation de smadl induite par les BMPs. D’autre part, une calcium-calmoduline kinase de type II (CaM kinase II) serait responsable de l’activation des gènes spécifiques de la voie de détermination neurale

    Bacterial extract (OM-89) specific and non specific immunomodulation in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

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    International audienceThe Escherichia Coli bacterial extract (OM-89) is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We evaluated the immunological changes induced by oral administration of OM-89 in 12 RA patients (polyclonal T cell reactivity to PHA, T cell precursor frequencies specific for OM-89 and Tetanus toxoid (TT), a control antigen and the release of Th1 (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha), Th2 (IL-4) and T regulatory 1 cell (Tr1) (IL-10) cytokines in the supernatants of PBMC cultures. Stimulation index in response to PHA decreased at month 3 as well as T cell precursor frequencies specific for TT with similar trends for OM-89-specific T cell precursor frequencies. OM-89 induced a strong production of IL-10, a significant decrease in IL-4 production while TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production tended to decrease during the study. Our results suggest that OM-89 has immunomodulatory properties by inducing changes in PBMC cytokines release suggestive of an induced Tr1 response to OM-89

    Safety of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients with a history of severe or recurrent bacterial infection: observational study of 30 cases in everyday practice.

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    International audienceOBJECTIVES: To report our experience with rituximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a history of severe or recurrent bacterial infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study in five rheumatology departments experienced in the use of biotherapies. Patients were included if they had RA and a history of severe or recurrent bacterial infection (requiring admission and/or intravenous antimicrobial therapy) that contraindicated the introduction or continuation of TNFalpha antagonist therapy. RESULTS: Of 161 RA patients given rituximab in the five study centers, 30 met the inclusion criteria, 23 females and seven males with a mean age of 58.4+/-11.8 years and a mean disease duration of 11.4+/-13.9 years. Among them, 22 had rheumatoid factors and 21 had received TNFalpha antagonist therapy (one agent in 15 patients, two in five patients and three in one patient). Prior infections were as follows: septicemia, n=2; lower respiratory tract infection or lung abscess, n=12; prosthesis infection, n=3; septic arthritis, n=3; endocarditis, n=1; pyelonephritis, n=2; osteitis, n=4; and various skin infections (erysipelas, cellulitis or skin abscess), n=6. Of these 33 infections, 21 occurred during TNFalpha antagonist therapy. During rituximab therapy, all patients received concomitant glucocorticoid therapy (mean dosage, 12+/-7.9 mg/day). The number of rituximab cycles was one in 13 patients, two in seven patients and three or more in 10 patients. Mean time from the single or last serious infection and the first rituximab infusion was 20.1+/-18.7 months. Mean follow-up since the first rituximab infusion was 19.3+/-7.4 months. During follow-up, six (20%) patients experienced one infection each. Immunoglobulin levels after rituximab therapy were within the normal range. CONCLUSION: Rituximab therapy was well tolerated in 24 (80%) of 30 patients with RA and a history of severe or recurrent bacterial infection. In everyday practice, rituximab therapy seems safe with regard to the recurrence of infectious episodes. However, longer follow-ups are needed

    Da artificação do sagrado nos museus: entre o teatro e a sacralidade

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    From the anthropological perspective, extending the notion of performance from the arts and the ritual context to virtually all forms of human action, different kinds of museums present different performances involving both an actor and the audience. This paper, aiming to study the museal performance in the French case, investigates the processes of artification of religious objects in museums, taking into consideration two case studies: a visit to the Écomusée d’Alsace, where religion is associated with the arts and folk traditions to evoke the local identity; and the study of the short-term exhibition Mãori. Leurs trésors ont une âme , at the Musée du quai Branly , in Paris, in which some kind of self-musealization is experienced, with sacred objects from the maori culture

    Structural basis for substrate selectivity and nucleophilic substitution mechanisms in human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase catalyzed reaction

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    International audienceThe reversible adenine phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme (APRT) is essential for purine homeostasis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In humans, APRT (hAPRT) is the only enzyme known to produce AMP in cells from dietary adenine. APRT can also process adenine analogs, which are involved in plant development or neuronal homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying substrate specificity of APRT and catalysis in both directions of the reaction remains poorly understood. Here we present the crystal structures of hAPRT complexed to three cellular nucleotide analogs (hypoxanthine, IMP, and GMP) that we compare with the phosphate-bound enzyme. We established that binding to hAPRT is substrate shape-specific in the forward reaction, whereas it is base-specific in the reverse reaction. Furthermore , a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/ MM) analysis suggests that the forward reaction is mainly a nucleophilic substitution of type 2 (S N 2) with a mix of S N 1-type molecular mechanism. Based on our structural analysis, a magnesium-assisted S N 2-type mechanism would be involved in the reverse reaction. These results provide a framework for understanding the molecular mechanism and substrate discrimination in both directions by APRTs. This knowledge can play an instrumental role in the design of inhibitors, such as antiparasitic agents, or adenine-based substrates

    Varia

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