Approche intégrée : une innovation dans la dispensation des services sociaux

Cet article synthétise une recherche sur l'approche intégrée effectuée dans le contexte du Centre de services sociaux de Québec, succursale de Charlevoix. Les objectifs de cette recherche visaient à acquérir des connaissances plus précises sur les concepts théoriques d'un mode d'approche intégrée et à approfondir avec les intervenants leur pratique professionnelle. Après avoir esquissé les contextes de pratique, de théorie et de méthodologie, les auteurs font ressortir les principaux éléments de l'approche intégrée telle que pratiquée à cet endroit, ainsi que les avantages et les difficultés qu'elle soulève

Modulation of miRNA Expression by Dietary Polyphenols in apoE Deficient Mice: A New Mechanism of the Action of Polyphenols

Background: Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet and are widespread constituents of fruits and beverages, such as tea, coffee or wine. Epidemiological, clinical and animal studies support a role of polyphenols in the prevention of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. Recent findings suggest that polyphenols could interact with cellular signaling cascades regulating the activity of transcription factors and consequently affecting the expression of genes. However, the impact of polyphenol on the expression of microRNA, small non-coding RNAs, has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation with polyphenols at nutritional doses on miRNA expression in the livers of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE(-/-)) jointly with mRNA expression profiling. [br/] Methodology/Principal Findings: Using microarrays, we measured the global miRNA expression in the livers of wild-type (C57B6/J) mice or apoE(-/-) mice fed diets supplemented with one of nine different polyphenols or a control diet. This analysis revealed that knock-out of the apoE gene induced significant modulation in the expression of miRNA. Moreover, changes in miRNA expression were observed after polyphenol supplementation, and five miRNAs (mmu-miR-291b-5p, mmu-miR-296-5p, mmu-miR-30c-1*, mmu-miR-467b* and mmu-miR-374*) were identified as being commonly modulated by these polyphenols. We also observed that these polyphenols counteracted the modulation of miRNA expression induced by apoE mutation. Pathway analyses on these five miRNA-target genes revealed common pathways, some of which were also identified from a pathway analysis on mRNA profiles. [br/] Conclusion:This in vivo study demonstrated for the first time that polyphenols at nutritional doses modulate the expression of miRNA in the liver. Even if structurally different, all polyphenols induced a similar miRNA expression profile. Common pathways were identified from both miRNA-target and mRNA analysis, revealing cellular functions that could be regulated by polyphenols at both the miRNA and mRNA level

Resistance of Ustilago nuda towards SDHIs in France: old or new story ?

Ustilago nuda is responsible for barley loose smut. It replaces grain heads with smut, or masses of spores which infect the open flowers of healthy plants and grow into the seed, without showing any symptoms. Therefore, the main control method is the use of fungicides, applied as seed dressing. Among various modes of action, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are of great interest to control this disease, and are actually represented by carboxin, fluxapyroxad and fluopyram, in France. Specific resistance to carboxin and other SDHIs was first detected, in the 1980s and got widespread in many areas (Leroux, 1986). Carboxin was later replaced by other fungicides with greater intrinsic activities and broader disease spectra. The recent registration and use of 2nd generation SDHIs sets again the question of acquired resistance in U. nuda. This poster presents the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of resistant strains isolated from diseased barley heads, in field trials treated with SDHIs as seed dressing

Use of replicative genomic libraries to clone fungicide resistance alleles

Telomere sequences have been found to enhance transformation frequencies of fungal plasmids. Such plasmids do not integrate into the genome; they may be replicated independently. We constructed two derivatives of the pFAC1 plasmid, which transform B. cinerea at high frequencies (1). Our plasmids pFACR5 and pFB2N both give rise to transformation frequencies 500-1.000 times higher than integrative plasmids. They are replicated under selective pressure but unstable without selection. We analyzed conformation and copy number of both plasmids in B. cinerea transformants. Integration of a fenhexamid resistance allele into the pFB2N vector induces fungicide resistance in the transformants showing that dominant alleles can be selected from replicative plasmids (2). Genomic libraries in the pFB2N vector were used to transform the B05.10 strain. Transformants analysis showed a ratio of recombinant plasmids and an average insert size comparable to the initial E. coli library. The replicative plasmids are found at roughly 1 copy/genome. After the construction of a 3-4X genome coverage B05.10 transformant pool, harboring the replicative library generated from a fenhexamid resistant strain, we screened the transformants for fenhexamid resistance. Results will be presented. Perspectives and limitations of the system will be discusse

Genetic Analysis of Fenhexamid-Resistant Field Isolates of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea▿ †

The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, one of the latest antibotrytis fungicides, active especially against leotiomycete plant-pathogenic fungi, inhibits 3-ketoreductase of the C-4-demethylation enzyme complex during ergosterol biosynthesis. We isolated Botrytis cinerea strains resistant to various levels of fenhexamid from French and German vineyards. The sequence of the gene encoding 3-ketoreductase, erg27, varied according to levels of resistance. Highly resistant isolates, termed HydR3+, all presented a modification of the phenylalanine at the C terminus of the putative transmembrane domain at position 412, either to serine (85% of the isolates), to isoleucine (11.5% of the isolates), or to valine (3.5% of the isolates). The introduction of the \documentclass[10pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pmc} \usepackage[Euler]{upgreek} \pagestyle{empty} \oddsidemargin -1.0in \begin{document} \begin{equation*}erg27^{HydR3^{+}}\end{equation*}\end{document} allele into a fenhexamid-sensitive strain by means of a replicative plasmid conferred fenhexamid resistance on the resulting transformants, showing that the mutations at position 412 are responsible for fenhexamid resistance. Weakly to moderately resistant isolates, termed HydR3−, showed different point mutations between the strains in the sequenced regions of the erg27 gene, corresponding to amino acid changes between positions 195 and 400 of the protein. The \documentclass[10pt]{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pmc} \usepackage[Euler]{upgreek} \pagestyle{empty} \oddsidemargin -1.0in \begin{document} \begin{equation*}erg27^{HydR3^{-}}\end{equation*}\end{document} alleles on the replicative vector introduced into a sensitive strain did not confer resistance to fenhexamid. Genetic crosses between HydR3− and sensitive strains showed strict correlation between the sequenced mutation in the erg27 gene and the resistance phenotypes, suggesting that these mutations are linked to fenhexamid resistance. The HydR3 mutations possibly modify the affinity of the 3-ketoreductase enzyme for its specific inhibitor, fenhexamid

Status of resistance towards SDHIs in French populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and characterization of resistant strains

International audiencePopulations of fungal pathogens may be subject to many selective pressures in agricultural environments. Among them, fungicides constitute one of the most powerful determinants of population adaptation acting in a short time span. Here, we investigated whether fungicides sprays applied yearly in the Champagne vineyard to control the grey mold causal agent Botrytis cinerea could shape population structure and evolution. We carried out a 2-year survey (4 collection dates) on three treated/untreated pairs of plots. We found that fungicides treatments had no or little impact on population subdivision at neutral loci, as well as on diversity or reproduction mode. Nevertheless, we found evidence of stronger genetic drift in some treated plots, consistent with the regular application of fungicides. Moreover, we observed spatial structure in resistance frequency for two loci under contemporary selective pressure, as reflected by cline patterns. At last, using a modeling approach, we estimated fitness costs of resistance to fungicides, responsible for resistance frequency decay during winter. Further work is in progress to estimate parameters of positive selection and migration exerted on B. cinerea populations, and disentangle the relative effect of the evolutionary forces at work