355 research outputs found
Assessing Berry Number for Grapevine Yield Estimation by Image Analysis: Case Study with the Red Variety βSyrahβ
Mestrado em Engenharia de Viticultura e Enologia (Double degree) / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa / Faculdade de CiΓͺncias. Universidade do PortoThe yield estimation provides information that help growers to make decisions in order to optimize crop growth and to organize the harvest operations in field and in the cellar. In most vineyard estates yield is forecasted using manual methods. However, image analysis methods, which are less invasive low cost and more representative are now being developed. The main objective of this work was to estimate yield through data obtained in the frame of Vinbot project during the 2019 season. In this thesis, images of the grapevine variety Syrah taken in the laboratory and in the vineyards of the βInstituto Superior de Agronomiaβ in Lisbon were analyzed. In the laboratory the images were taken manually with an RGB camera, while in the field vines were imaged either manually and by the Vinbot robot. From these images, the number of visible berries were counted with MATLAB. From the laboratory values, the relationships between the number of visible berries and actual bunch weight and berry number were studied. From the data obtained in the field, it was analyzed the visibility of the berries at different levels of defoliation and the relationship between the area of visible bunches and the visible berries. Berry-by-berry occlusion showed a value of 6.4% at pea-size, 14.5% at veraison and 25% at maturation. In addition, high and significant determination coefficient were obtained between actual yield and visible berries. The comparison of estimated yield, obtained using the regression models with actual yield, showed an underestimation at all the three phonological stages. This low accuracy of the developed models show that the use of algorithms based on visible berry number on the images to estimate yield still needs further researchN/
Assessing the EUβs commitment to multilateralism CSDP and Member Statesβ propensity to participate in peace missions
This paper analyzes the contribution of the CSDP operations to the peace building tasks of the peace operations of the global system, and examines the different levels of participation of EU Member States. Section one presents the scenario and considers the growth and expansion of practice of peace operations in the last twenty years. Section two reviews the main attributes of the CSDP operations. Section three explores the contribution of the old and new Member States to CSDP by examining the number of operations these countries participated in. The concluding section summarizes the research findings, and points to the current challenges faced by the EUβs peace missions
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°, Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Since the European Union began to play a growing role in the relationships between the Member States and the Non-EU Mediterranean countries, the policymakers in Brussels have devoted a great deal of attention to devise and implement actions and programmes aimed at promoting peace, stability and growth to the area. The effects of such involvement have been not as significant as expected but not even insignificant. Tension has almost always floated over the Mediterranean waters because crises and violent conflicts have followed one another though never breaking all relations down. The present paper takes a cue from this feature of the Mediterranean area and proposes to watch the territory from a different angle of view. Contrary to the prevailing view of the Mediterranean as an area unaffected or scarcely affected by the dominant world policies, the paper analyses the impact of the world policy-making institutions and policies on the Mediterranean area. It also draws the readersβ attention towards the participation and, in significant cases, the non-participation of the governments of the area in the world institutions and policies. Accordingly, the first section highlights the concepts useful to analyze the world as the political space in which policymaking institutions have been established for building policies that respond to world-scale problems. The second section outlines the significant security and economic world policies that have been established for responding to world problems and, consequently, for bringing order to the world, the Mediterranean area included. In the third section, the focus is on forecasting the world and Mediterranean politics of the coming years by drawing the readersβ attention to the confrontation of three big powers, the USA, China and Russia. The difficulty to keep unaltered the Western coalition could not impede the renewal of the US hegemony should disorder be unsustainable to loads of countries. The Chinese model of economic openness and the non-interference of the investing companies may not work in all the Mediterranean countries. By acting as a troublemaker and game-changer in security complex settings like the Mediterranean area by bolstering authoritarian regimes, Russia mostly wants to create a situation in which the United States and the European countries find it impossible to make any decisions without its participation. Accordingly, the paperβs conclusions call for building knowledge about the reconfiguration of the world coalitions and the change of the existing order and institutions. Especially the revisionism of the three states competing for world leadership requires careful investigation. Research on the influence of such a global process on the wider Mediterranean area and the involvement of the Mediterranean countries in such a process is of paramount importance.Π‘ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠ‘, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π·Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
β ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π°. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½. Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π² β Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ-ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅
Changes in germination and glyoxylate and respiratory enzymes of Pinus pinea seeds under various abiotic stresses
Abstract This study examined Pinus pinea seeds for their tolerance to osmotic potentials of β0.30MPa (10% polyethylene glycol [PEG]), β0.58MPa (18% PEG), β0.80MPa (21% PEG), β1.05MPa (24% PEG), pH values of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and different calcareous solutions (5, 10, 20 and 40% CaCO3). The main enzymes of glyoxylate cycle and respiratory pathway were tested. Pinus pinea seeds under no stressful condition (Control) and 5% CaCO3 reached 100% of germination. Higher concentrations of CaCO3 (20, 40%) and lower pH (4β5) adversely affected seed germination percentage, glyoxylic and respiratory enzyme activities. PEG caused the most detrimental effects on Pinus seeds; increasing the osmotic potential the germination was completely inhibited. These results suggest that Pinus pinea is able to germinate in calcareous and alkaline soils rather than in soils with lower water availability and acidic conditions
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 and exercise in arterial hypertension
Hypertensive patients exhibit impaired exercise capacity, a strong independent risk
factor for cardiovascular disease, and the mechanisms responsible for this are not
fully determined. Potential candidates may include endothelial vasomotor
dysfunction and arterial stiffness, both of which are associated with hypertension.
Impairment of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP)
pathway plays a major role in the development of these abnormalities, suggesting
that enhancement of NO-cGMP signalling through phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)
inhibition may offer therapeutic potential in arterial hypertension. This thesis
investigated the effects of the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil citrate on exercise-induced
vasodilatation, maximal exercise capacity and arterial stiffness in hypertensive
patients, using different studies involving local limb and whole body exercise.
Preliminary dose-ranging studies were initially performed to investigate the intraarterial
(brachial) effects of sildenafil on forearm blood flow (FBF), and to select an
appropriate, cGMP-independent, vasodilator to use as a control. On the basis on
these studies, it was established that sildenafil, infused at 50ΞΌg/min, and verapamil,
infused at 5ΞΌg/min, had similar vasodilator effect on FBF. Ten untreated
hypertensive patients and ten matched normotensive subjects were then studied in a
three-way, randomised, single-blind and placebo-controlled FBF study. The aim was
to investigate the effects of sildenafil on handgrip exercise-induced vasodilatation,
and to compare this response with verapamil and saline (placebo). Preinfusion
exercise-induced vasodilatation was significantly reduced in hypertensive compared
with normotensive subjects (P<0.001). However, after the infusions, while verapamil
did not affect the vasodilator response to exercise in either group, sildenafil
substantially enhanced this response in hypertensive patients, but not in
normotensive subjects (P<0.05). These results suggested that sildenafil, through an
increase in cGMP levels in the vasculature, substantially and selectively improves
the vasodilator response to handgrip exercise in hypertensive patients
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°, Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ: 28.03.2021. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: 11.05.2021.Received: 28.03.2021. Accepted: 11.05.2021.Π‘ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠ‘, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π·Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
β ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π°. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½. Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π² β Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ-ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅.Since the European Union began to play a growing role in the relationships between the Member States and the Non-EU Mediterranean countries, the policymakers in Brussels have devoted a great deal of attention to devise and implement actions and programmes aimed at promoting peace, stability and growth to the area. The effects of such involvement have been not as signifi cant as expected but not even insignifi cant. Tension has almost always floated over the Mediterranean waters because crises and violent conflicts have followed one another though never breaking all relations down. The present paper takes a cue from this feature of the Mediterranean area and proposes to watch the territory from a different angle of view. Contrary to the prevailing view of the Mediterranean as an area unaffected or scarcely affected by the dominant world policies, the paper analyses the impact of the world policy-making institutions and policies on the Mediterranean area. It also draws the readersβ attention towards the participation and, in significant cases, the non-participation of the governments of the area in the world institutions and policies. Accordingly, the first section highlights the concepts useful to analyze the world as the political space in which policymaking institutions have been established for building policies that respond to world-scale problems. The second section outlines the signifi cant security and economic world policies that have been established for responding to world problems and, consequently, for bringing order to the world, the Mediterranean area included. In the third section, the focus is on forecasting the world and Mediterranean politics of the coming years by drawing the readersβ attention to the confrontation of three big powers, the USA, China and Russia. The difficulty to keep unaltered the Western coalition could not impede the renewal of the US hegemony should disorder be unsustainable to loads of countries. The Chinese model of economic openness and the non-interference of the investing companies may not work in all the Mediterranean countries. By acting as a troublemaker and game-changer in security complex settings like the Mediterranean area by bolstering authoritarian regimes, Russia mostly wants to create a situation in which the United States and the European countries find it impossible to make any decisions without its participation. Accordingly, the paperβs conclusions call for building knowledge about the reconfi guration of the world coalitions and the change of the existing order and institutions. Especially the revisionism of the three states competing for world leadership requires careful investigation. Research on the influence of such a global process on the wider Mediterranean area and the involvement of the Mediterranean countries in such a process is of paramount importance
Nutritional status in the pediatric oncology patients
Nutritional status plays a vital role in the growth of children. In pediatric patients, disease-related malnutrition is a dynamic and multifactorial process supported by several factors such as inflammation, increased energy expenditure, decreased intake or reduced utilization of nutrients. In pediatric patients with malignancies, sarcopenia may coexist with malnutrition, amplifying its negative impact on prognosis. Careful monitoring of nutritional status both at diagnosis and during chemotherapy treatment allows early detection of the risk and/or presence of malnutrition. A rapid and personalized nutritional intervention can improve adherence to treatment, reduce complications and improve the patients' quality of life
Hybrid transcatheter left ventricular reconstruction for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy
Left ventricular (LV) enlargement is a mechanical adaptation to accommodate LV systolic inefficiency following an acute damage or a progressive functional deterioration, which fails to correct the decline of stroke volume in the long term, leading to progressive heart failure (HF). Surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR) is a treatment for patients with severe ischemic HF aiming to restore LV efficiency by volume reduction and LV re-shaping. Recently, a new minimally-invasive hybrid technique for ventricular reconstruction has been developed by means of the Revivent (TM) system (BioVentrix Inc., San Ramon, CA, USA). The device for ventricular reconstruction consists of anchor pairs that enable plication of the anterior and free wall LV scar against the right ventricular (RV) septal scar of anteroseptal infarctions to decrease cardiac volume without ventriculotomy in a beating-heart minimally-invasive procedure, consisting of a transjugular and left thoracotomy approach. Patients with severe (Grade 4) functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) or with previous cardiac surgery procedures were excluded. Outcome of the reconstruction procedure: from 2012 until 2019, it has been applied to 203 patients, with 5 (2.5%) in-hospital deaths. LV volume reduction varied according to experience gained along years: LV end-systolic volume index decreased from baseline 43% (post-market registry) vs. 27% (CE-mark study); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased from baseline 25% (post-market registry) vs. 16% (CE-mark study). Clinical status (NYHA class, HF questionnaire, 6-minute walking test) improved significantly compared to baseline, and re-hospitalization rate was only 13% at 6-month follow-up (60% of patients in NYHA =3). FMR grade decreased at follow-up in 63%, while it was unchanged in 37% of patients. The hybrid ventricular reconstruction (HVR) seems a promising treatment for HF patients who may benefit from LV volume reduction, with reasonable mortality and good results at follow-up. A baseline less severe clinical profile was not associated to better outcome at follow-up, which makes the procedure feasible in patients with very large ventricles and depressed ejection fraction (EF). LV reshaping has no detrimental effect on FMR, that may, on the contrary, benefit owing to less papillary muscle displacement, partial recovery of torsion dynamics and of myofibers re-orientation. A controlled study on top of optimal medical treatment is warranted to confirm its role in the management of HF patients
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