Der Wandel von der Natur- zur Kulturlandschaft im Hochtal von St. Antönien (Schweiz) : ein Methodenverbund aus Palynologie, Bodenkunde und Dendroökologie

Um die Veränderungen von der Natur- zur Kulturlandschaft des Hochtals von St. Antönien (Graubünden, Schweiz) zu erfassen, wurden unterschiedliche natürliche Archive, wie Böden, Moore und Bäume innerhalb eines Methodenverbunds aus Bodenkunde, Palynologie und Dendroökologie untersucht. Das Gerüst für die Paläoumweltrekonstruktion bilden dabei die Pollenanalysen der Moorprofile Capelgin (1680 m ü. NN) und Groß Ried (1720 m ü. NN) am NE-exponierten Hang des Chrüzes. Sie reichen bis ins Boreal zurück. Um bestimmte Landschaftszustände, wie Rodungen oder Nutzungsänderungen, zu beschreiben, erwiesen sich Bodenprofile ebenfalls als sehr aufschlussreiche landschaftsgeschichtliche Zeugnisse. Mit den dendroökologischen Untersuchungen war es möglich, kalenderjahrgenaue Angaben zur Wiederbewaldungsdynamik und zum Erosionsgeschehen zu machen. Der Beginn der Alpweidrodungen im Hochtal liegt in der Spätbronzezeit, damit wurde ein weiterer Beweis geliefert, dass auch die klimatisch weniger begünstigten nördlichen Randalpen schon in dieser Epoche vom Menschen genutzt wurden. Flächenhafte Brandrodungen um Weideland zu gewinnen, sind dann für die Eisen- und Römerzeit belegt. Die Ergebnisse des Methodenverbunds gaben zudem einen genaueren Einblick in das Wirkungsgefüge Mensch und Umwelt. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Betrachtung der eisenzeitlichen Alpweidrodungen. Nach den Brandrodungen war es nicht möglich, die Flächen in Weideland zu überführen, sondern es gab zunächst eine Phase erhöhter Geomorphodynamik mit Ausbreitung der Grünerle

Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be a transformative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy as it will offer unique opportunities to address many key astrophysical questions in a completely novel way. The synergy with ground-based and other space-based instruments in the electromagnetic domain, by enabling multi-messenger observations, will add further to the discovery potential of LISA. The next decade is crucial to prepare the astrophysical community for LISA's first observations. This review outlines the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations that are instrumental for modeling and interpreting the upcoming LISA datastream. To this aim, the current knowledge in three main source classes for LISA is reviewed: ultra-compact stellar-mass binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme or intermediate mass ratio inspirals. The relevant astrophysical processes and the established modeling techniques are summarized. Likewise, open issues and gaps in our understanding of these sources are highlighted, along with an indication of how LISA could help make progress in the different areas. New research avenues that LISA itself, or its joint exploitation with studies in the electromagnetic domain, will enable, are also illustrated. Improvements in modeling and analysis approaches, such as the combination of numerical simulations and modern data science techniques, are discussed. This review is intended to be a starting point for using LISA as a new discovery tool for understanding our Universe

Simultaneous human papilloma virus type 16 E7 and cdk inhibitor p21 expression induces apoptosis and cathepsin B activation

AbstractHuman papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the major risk factor for development of cervical cancer. The major oncoprotein E7 enhances cell growth control. However, E7 has in some reports been shown to induce apoptosis suggesting that there is a delicate balance between cell proliferation and induction of cell death. We have used the osteosarcoma cell line U2OS cells provided with E7 and the cdk2 inhibitor p21 (cip1/waf1) under inducible control, as a model system for the analysis of E7-mediated apoptosis. Our data shows that simultaneous expression of E7 and p21 proteins induces cell death, possibly because of conflicting growth control. Interestingly, E7/p21-induced cell death is associated with the activation of a newly identified mediator of apoptosis, namely cathepsin B. Activation of the cellular caspases is undetectable in cells undergoing E7/p21-induced apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first time a role for cathepsin B is reported in HPV-induced apoptotic signalling

Freshwater Landscape Reconstruction from the Bronze Age Site of Borsodivánka (North-Eastern Hungary)

This multiproxy work presents the archeozoological analysis of fish and microvertebrate remains from the Middle Bronze Age tell site of Borsodivánka (Borsod Plain, North-eastern Hungary). The fish faunal assemblage provides valuable data on the choice of exploited consumption patterns, taphonomy, and aquatic paleoenvironmental conditions at the site during the Bronze Age. Only freshwater taxa are present in the assemblage, for example, northern pike (Esox lucius); cyprinids: roach (Rutilus rutilus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), common chub (Squalius cephalus) and common nase (Chondrostoma nasus); and percids: European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). Herpetofaunal and micromammal remains are also part of this study, improving our knowledge of the site’s freshwater ecosystem. The grass snake (Natrix cf. natrix) and the European pond terrapin (Emys orbicularis), typical of aquatic ecosystems, are associated with the Aesculapian ratsnake (Zamenis longissimus), more typical of forest, shrubland, and grassland. The presence of amphibians such as toads (Bufo/Bufotes sp.) and frogs (Rana sp.) complete the herpetofaunal list. The microvertebrates also support a mature fluvial system, as represented by taxa like the European water vole (Arvicola amphibius). Other micromammals are present, such as the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), the group of the common/field vole (Microtus arvalis/agrestis), the European mole (Talpa europaea), and the house mouse (Mus musculus). All of them are common in forests, shrubland, and grassland. However, the commensal house mouse is more commonly associated with anthropogenic areas. In conclusion, Borsodivánka is characterized by a diverse landscape mosaic, displayed by the co-existence of a well-developed forest and a freshwater inland ecosystem with agricultural land in the wider area. Finally, the Tisza River and its flood plain represented the main water source close to the site, distinguished by the dominance of fish species from deep and slow-flowing waters

Animals, Crops and Dark Earth: An Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Development from the Late Roman Period to the Early Middle Ages in Cologne (Germany)

Cologne constituted one of the political and economic centres of the northernmost frontier ( limes ) region of the Roman Empire, and was at the core of important socio-political upheavals following its collapse. Here, an interdisciplinary approach (combining zooarchaeology, archaeobotany and soil micromorphology) is applied to examine the late Roman and early medieval periods of the city. This has allowed understanding important changes that Cologne underwent in this period, including continuous urban modifications and the creation of space for new economic activities. The three different sites considered in this paper are Severinstrasse 214-218, Antoniterstrasse 14-16 and Heumarkt. The zooarchaeological analysis of these assemblages, and their comparison with other faunal assemblages, focuses on the taxonomic frequencies, kill-off-patterns, and biometrical data of the main domesticates in order to understand animal husbandry practices. In Antoniterstrasse and Heumarkt, the first documented urban Dark Earths in Cologne were analysed, evidencing ongoing settlement activity from late Roman times to the Early Middle Ages. Micromorphological studies were conducted to better understand the nature and formation processes of the archaeological layers. Archaeobotanical analyses provided additional information on subsistence strategies. The results show the change from an urban, specialised, market-oriented economy to a subsistence economy during this transitional period (third to tenth century AD)