Transport of Electrolyte in Organic Coatings on Metal

Organic coatings form an effective barrier between metals and their environment, providing them protection against corrosion. Corrosion on coated metals depends mainly on the diffusion of water through the coating, the loss of adhesion at the interface between the coating and the metal (delamination), the rate of the chemical and electrochemical reactions under the coating and the treatment of the metal surface before the coating application. Many aggressive ions are transported toward and inside the coating through water. In organic coatings, typically, the water absorbed by the coating affects the polymer matrix structure, and it causes swelling and stresses, which may result in cracks. Swelling and cracks enhance the transport of water into the solid polymer, and concurrently the diffusion of ions. Over time also, the chemical structure of the polymer may change, adversely affecting its barrier properties and overall performance. In this chapter, we focus on methods to quantify the transport of electrolyte in organic coatings. We mark out the main characteristics, advantages and limitations of each one of them

Anthracene-based thiol-ene networks with thermo-degradable and photo-reversible properties

Reversible networks based on an alkenefunctionalized dimer of 9-anthracenemethanol were synthesized by photoinitiated radical thiol ene polyaddition, using either a poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-propylmercaptomethylsiloxane) or a novel aliphatic trithiol synthesized from 1,2,4trivinylcyclohexane in a simple two-step procedure. The obtained networks were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, polarization microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and (photo)rheology. The two types of networks showed weak endothermic transitions between 50 and 60 degrees C, which proved to originate either from melting of a crystalline anthracene-dimer phase (trithiol network) or from a liquid crystalline phase (PDMS network) based on X-ray diffraction and polarization microscopy. Using rheology, both types of networks were shown to cleanly decompose into multifunctional anthracene monomers at temperatures above 180 degrees C. Irradiation of these anthracene monomers resulted in the formation of networks having similar physical properties as the original materials

Cancer risk in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID).

Inflammation and cancer have a profound yet ambiguous relationship. Inflammation - especially chronic inflammation - has protumorigenic effects, but inflammatory cells also mediate an immune response against the tumor and immunosuppression is known to increase the risk for certain tumors.This article reviews current literature on the role of inflammation in cancer and the cancer risk in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). We discuss the effect on cancer risk of different drug classes used in the treatment of IMIDs treatment, including biologicals such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.Overall cancer incidence and mortality risk are similar to the general population in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and slightly increased for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, with risk profiles differing for different tumor types. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer is associated with thiopurine treatment in IBD, with the combination of anti-TNF and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis and with PUVA, cyclosporine and anti-TNF treatment in psoriasis. Data on the safety of using biologic or immunosuppressant therapy in IMID patients with a history of cancer are scarce.This review provides clinicians with a solid background to help them in making decisions about treatment of immune-mediated diseases in patients with a tumor history.This article is related to another review article in Molecular Cancer: http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/12/1/86.Peer reviewe

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles

status: publishe

Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) and temperature-conversion-transformation (TxT) cure diagrams by RheoDSC: Combined rheometry and calorimetry on an epoxy-amine thermoset

A novel hyphenated RheoDSC combines rheological and calorimetric analyses of samples by performing rheological experiments inside a DSC cell. This enables direct studies of the chemorheological changes of epoxy-amine thermosets during crosslinking. The rheological and calorimetric information can be presented in time-temperature-transformation (TTT) cure diagrams, without the need for making interpretations based on experiments performed on different samples in the different thermal environments of individual rheometers and calorimeters. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.status: publishe

Demixing and remixing kinetics of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOZ) aqueous solutions studied by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry

The demixing and remixing kinetics of aqueous solutions of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOZ) with four different chain lengths (number-average molar mass of 3300-13000 g mol-1) is studied by means ofmodulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry(MTDSC) in both nonisothermal and quasiisothermal modes. The nonisothermal measurements show that the aqueous solutions of all four PIPOZ samples follow the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behavior. Both the LCST and the corresponding polymer weight fraction (fw) decreasewith increasingmolarmass: 33.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C at 29.8 wt % for 3300 g mol-1 shifts to 26.2 ( 0.1 degrees C at 19.8 wt % for 13000 g mol-1. This typical type I phase behavior of aqueous solutions of PIPOZ is in contrast to the typical type II phase behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) which has isomeric repeat units. The demixing and remixing kinetics throughout the phase transition is studied by quasi-isothermal heat capacity measurements. Overall, the response for PIPOZ solutions is markedly faster than for PNIPAM solutions

Quantitative analysis of polymer mixtures in solution by pulsed field-gradient spin echo NMR spectroscopy

International audiencePulsed Field-Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) NMR, which associates to a spectral dimension the measure of diffusion coefficients, is a convenient technique for mixture analysis. Unfortunately, because of relaxation, the quantification of mixtures by PGSE NMR is far from straightforward for mixtures with strong spectral overlap. Antalek (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 8402-8403) proposed a quantification strategy based on DECRA analysis and extrapolation to zero of the diffusion delay. More recently, Barrere et al. (J. Magn. Reson. 216 (2012) 201-208) presented a new strategy based also on DECRA and on the renormalization of the intensities using estimates of the T-1 and T-2 relaxation times. Here we report an alternative quantification approach in which the fractions are obtained by analyzing the PGSE attenuation profile with a general Stejskal-Tanner equation that explicitly includes the relaxation effects. The required values of T-1 and T-2 relaxation times are either independently measured with conventional sequences or determined, along with the fractions and the diffusion coefficients, from the simultaneous analysis of up to 6 PGSE data sets recorded with different diffusion delays. This method yields errors lower than 3% for the fractions, even for complete spectral overlap, as demonstrated on model binary and ternary mixtures of polystyrene in the case of a convection compensating double stimulated echo (DSTE) sequence